Majalah Obat Tradisional
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Optimizing Formula of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Belimbing Wuluh Leaf Extract with Crospovidone and Croscarmellose Sodium as Superdisintegrant
Get PDFAverrhoa bilimbi L. leaves can be used as an antidiabetic in the presence of flavonoid. Antidiabetic drugs were widely consumed by elderly patients who often had difficulty in consuming conventional tablets. Research in developing formulations of an antidiabetic drug that is capable of rapid disintegration and quickly dissolves when placed on the tounge is necessary, therefore it is formulated in fast disintegrating tablet dosage forms. The research aimed to formulate FDT of ethanol extract of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves with variation of superdisintegrant crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium. Fast disintegrating tablet of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves extract was manufactured by direct compression. Furthermore, the tablet was evaluated with physical properties and the results were analyzed using Design expert 10.1.3 program to bring in simplex lattice design (SLD) equation to get the optimum formula. Data which had been obtained was then analyzed byone sample test with confidence interval 95%. Based on the research results, the combinations of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium was able to reduce the response of physical properties such as weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and wetting time. The optimum formula consist of 6.8 mg crospovidone and 12.2 mg croscarmellose sodium which resulted in 4.41 kg of hardness response, 0.59% of friability, 11.21 seconds of wetting time, and 3,85 seconds of disintegration time. Analysis of one sample t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the parameter values predicted results with the results of the research, so it can be concluded that SLD equation can be used to develop a formula that gives optimum parameters of FDT
Gastroprotective Effect of Combinations of Cincau Leaves and Mangosteen Peel on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damage
Get PDFGastric ulcer is still a health problem in Indonesia. The leaves of cincau (Cyclea barbata Miers) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana Linn) have been investigated to have gastroprotective effects. This study aims to determine the effect of gastroprotector from the combination of Cincau leaves and mangosteen peel. This study used the post test only control group design. Wistar male rats were divided into 6 groups. Group I was a healthy control group and the second group was an untreated negative control. Group III is positive group treated with Ranitidine (0.016 g / kg BW). Groups IV, V, and VI were given green leaves of cincau (13.5 g / kg BW), mangosteen peel (25 g / kg BW) and 1: 1 combination. Treatment was performed for 14 days. On day 14 1 hour after treatment, all groups (except group I) were given 96% oral ethanol induction at a dose of 5 g / kg BW. On the 15th day the animals were sacrificed by means of anesthesia using chloroform. The area of the tukak is calculated by ImageJ and then calculates the index parameters of the ulcer and the protection ratio. The stomach is made of a hitopathologic preparation with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) preparations to observe COX-2 expression. The index data of ulcer, protection ratio, gastric mucosal damage score and number of cells expressing COX-2 were statistically analyzed by SPSS program. The results showed that the combination of green leaves and mangosteen leaf ratio of 1: 1 had a gastroprotective effect by inhibiting the gastric induced index, increasing the ratio of protection, reducing total mucosal damage and inhibiting the expression of COX-2 protein in rat stomach cells significantly (p <0 , 05). Giving combination of Cincau leaf and mangosteen peal of 1: 1 able to give gastroprotective effect
Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of Extract Ethyl Acetate Kenikir Leaves (Cosmos caudatus H.B.K) and Sendok Leaves (Plantago Major L.) By In Vitro Test
Get PDFThe increasing therapy problem including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) has made it important to discover a new anti-TB drug candidate. The aim of this study was to acknowledge the activity of ethyl acetate extracts of kenikir (Cosmos caudatus H.B.K) and sendok (Plantago major L.) leaves against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) H37Rv. This research used Middlebrook (MB) 7H9 media and observed the growth of M. tuberculosis using Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media. The concentration of extracts were 0.25 mg/ml, 0.50 mg/ml, and 1.00 mg/ml. The result of this study showed that ethyl acetate extracts exhibited anti-TB activity in 1000 µg/ml of both extracts. The active compound group was detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the separation of compounds was shown by retardation factor (Rf) and the color of the spots. Based on TLC chromatograms, it is known that there are types of compounds, such as ortho-dihydroxy compounds, phenolic compounds, and compound leads to terpenoids for both extracts
Optimization Formula Tablet Extract of Bengkuang (Pachyrrhizus erosus) Variation Avicel® Ph 101 and Crospovidone
Get PDFBengkuang (Pachyrrhizus erosus) contains daidzein which is pro-estrogenic compound, suppressing bone restoration by directing mechanism in bone estrogen receptor. Bengkuang can be developed into a useful source of phytoestrogens as a supplement in menopausal women. This study aims to determine the stability and influence of Avicel® PH 101 and crospovidone on granular flow properties and physical properties of Bengkuang tuber extract. Bengkuang tuber extracts were made into tablet preparations by wet granulation method. Variation of crospovidone composition was between 2-5%, while Avicel® PH 101 was between 38.86 to 41.86%. The tablet formulation is optimized using the Simplex Lattice Design method. The results show that the addition of Avicel® PH 101 can improve the index of determination, water absorption, moisture content, hardness, time of disintegration, and friability of the tablet, as well as crospovidone addition. Avicel® PH 101 and crospovidone interactions increase water content, decrease hardness, and tablet friability. The optimum tablet formula consists of composition of 293 mg of Avicel® PH 101 and 14 mg of crospovidone per tablet. Testing of optimum formula results with SLD method did not differ significantly to the response of the compression index, hardness and friability of the tablet. The tablet was stable at room temperature (30ºC ± 2 ºC) for four weeks
Antifibrotic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Nerium indicum Mill. Standardized 5α-Oleandrin on Keloid Fibroblasts Cells
Get PDFKeloid is a skin lesion caused by an abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts and the deposition of collagen in the wound healing process. Therapy for keloids is relatively limited and mostly has side effects. Recent studies show that 5α-oleandrin from N. indicum Mill. (N. indicum) has anti-keloid effect by inhibiting (proliferation, migration activity and TGF-β1 expression) keloid fibroblast. Further studies with N. indicum extract standardized 5α-oleandrin should be conducted to develop it as an anti-keloid agent by performing at proliferative effects, collagen accumulation, and keloid fibroblast migration. The antifibrotic activity of N. indicum extract on the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts was measured by MTT assay, whereas collagen deposits were observed by Sirius Red method. Observation of keloid fibroblast migration by scratch assay is according to Liang et al. (2009). Ethanol extract of N. indicum standardized 5α-oleandrin can inhibit the proliferation of keloid fibroblas with IC50 0.458 μg/mL, also inhibited collagen deposits with IC50 0.055 μg/mL at incubation for 72 hours. In incubation 48 hours after treatment with ethanol extract of 1.0 μg/mL occurred inhibition of migration significantly compared with control
Correlation Between Total Flavonoid Contents and Macrophage Phagocytosis Activity of Fractions From Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) Barks Ethanolic Extract In Vitro
Get PDFOn Timor island, Nusa Tenggara Timur, faloak barks (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) has been used empirically to restore stamina. Faloak bark ethanolic extract proved to have immunomodulatory activity in vitro, which can increase macrophage phagocytosis activity. This research aimed: (i) to determine the immunomodulatory active fraction of faloak bark ethanolic extract, (ii) to determine the total flavonoid contents of faloak extract and fractions, and (iii) to evaluate the correlation of the total flavonoid contents of those extract and fractions with their macrophage phagocytosis activity. The simplisia powder is macerated with 96% ethanol. The extract was dissolved in methanol:water (9:1v/v) was then subsequently partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water to obtain n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction, and insoluble fraction. Faloak extract and fractions at concentration 62,5; 125; 250; 500μg/mL were tested for their effect on the peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of Balb/c mice in vitro by the latex beads method. Phagocytosis capacity and phagocytosis index were analyzed using one-way anova and post hoc Tukey HSD test with 95% confidence level. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction had the highest macrophage phagocytosis capacity and the highest total flavonoid content compared to other fractions. The highest macrophage phagocytosis capacity of ethyl acetate fraction at concentration of 250 μg/mL was 51,94±4,67%, this value was significantly different from cell control (7,50±1,29%), negative controls of 0,0625% dimethylsulphoxide (6,25±0,36%), as well as positive control of 200 μg/mL echinaceae extract syrup® (9,97±0,33%). The total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate fraction determined by aluminum chloride method was 4,290±0.029 mg of quercetin equivalent/g fraction. There was a positive and strong correlation between the total flavonoid content of these extract and fractions with their macrophage phagocytosis capacity (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0,781) and showing linear relationship y=4,721x+19,663; R2=0,61
Apium graveolens Prevents Intrauterine Growth Restriction via Suppression of Antiangiogenic Factor Production
Get PDFPreeclampsia is the worldwide leading cause of fetomaternal morbidity and mortality which involves the placental dysfunction. A poor placentation and formed of non-dilated spiral artery caused utero-placental circulation insufficiency, resulted in inadequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to support normal aerobic growth of the fetus. Apium graveolens or celery has been widely known as antioxidant, antiinflammation and antihypertensive with flavonoid-apigenin as main active compound. Apigenin can inhibit TNF-α, HIF-1α and nitric oxide blocking as major pathophysiological pathway of preeclampsia. This study was aimed to find how the Apium graveolens can improve intrauterine growth and its correlation with suppression of anti-angiogenic factor sFlt-1 in anti-Qa2 preeclampsia animal model. Twenty female BALB/c Mus musculus were divided into 4 groups: control, anti-Qa2 and anti-Qa2 with 500 and 1000 mg/kgBW celery herbs extract. The fetal weights and lengths, placental weights and serum sFlt-1 levels were measured and analyzed with One Way ANOVA and further tested with Least Significance Difference in 95% confidence interval. The result showed a difference between control and treatments group (p≤0.05) with 1000 mg/kgBW significantly increase intrauterine growth and decrease sFlt-1, then there is a negative correlation between intrauterine weight and serum sFlt-1. This study suggests that celery herbs extract (CHE) has an apigenin-flavonoid compound which can prevent intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) via suppression of antiangiogenic factor production in preeclampsia mice model
Utilization of Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk. As UV Protector In mice exposed to UV-B
Get PDFIn daily life, Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk., the leaves are rarely used even just as animal feed. In the bark of Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk there are new flavonoid compounds namely morusin, artokarpin, artonin E, cycloartobilosantone, and artonol B. This research is an experimental design with randomized posttest only with control group design. A total of 21 mice were divided into 3 groups, each consisting of 7 mice, group 1: negative control given oral placebo and exposed to UV-B rays, group 2:giving Vitamin C cream 4% mg and exposed to UV-B rays, group 3: giving cream of Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk leaf extract 4% and exposed to UV-B rays. The total of UV radiation dose of 600 mJ / cm² for 3 weeks, then performed a biopsy for examination of the amount of dermis collagen. The average number of collagen in the three groups after treatment was given significantly different (p <0.05). Mean and Significant level of collagen density of group 1 : 51,42 ± 5,16; group P2 ± 91,18 ± 1,13; and P3 group: 88,77 ± 1,10. Conclusion : Cream of 4% Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk leaf extract can increase the amount of collagen density in mice exposed to UV-B rays
Effects of Centella asiatica L. Capsul on Muscle Disfunction on Elderly People
Get PDFPegagan (Centella asiatica L) has been traditionally used to treat wounds, disordered nerve system, blood circulation, and prevent muscle disorders. Extract of Pegagan was considered safe and non-toxic as the acuut and chronic toxicity tests on male SD rats were not significant. It meant that further study was potential to be proceeded. Study of C.asiatica on muscle function of the elderly has not been done, therefore this study is aimed to observe effects of C.asiatica extract on muscle masses, holding hands, walking speed (4.57 meter), walking test (6 minutes), and Time Up and Go test of the elderly. This study is designed for clinical double blind study with 2 groups of people, these are C. asiatica (18 people) treated with capsul (550 mg C. asiatica extract/day for 90 days) and placebo (17 people). This study is performed in the RSUP Dr. Sardjito hospital at the geriatric division. Subjects for this study were healthy elderly people and fit with the criteria of subjects for experiment. Result of the study, muscle masses do not decrease and all the measurements are not different with that of placebo. Except that the walking speed (6 minutes) of the treated subjects is better than that of the placebo. The conclusion of the study, the capsul containing C. asiatica extract (550 mg, once a day for 90 days) increases the strengh of hands holding, and the walking test (6 minutes) almost twice better than that of the placebo although the muscle masses does not increase significantly
Optimization of Water Fraction Gel Formula of Binahong Leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steen) With Gelling Agent of Sodium Alginate and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Combination
Get PDFWater fraction of binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steen) leaf has been proven to heal ulcus diabetic. In order to make the use easier and more practical, in this study the water fraction of binahong leaves is formulated in gel preparation form. This study was conducted to obtain a comparison of the amount of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan as gelling agent to produce gel that meets the good physical requirements. The method used to determine the amount of comparison of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan is to use Simplex Lattice Design (SLD). Eight variations of gel formula are designed with the ratio of sodium alginate: carboxymethyl chitosan as follows: F1 (0:3% w/w), F2 (0:3% w/w), F3 (0.75:2.25% w/w), F4 (1.5:1.5 % w/w), F5 (1.5:1.5% w/w), F6 (2.25:0.75% w/w), F7 (3:0% w/w), F8 (3:0% w/w). Physical parameters observed included pH, viscosity, dispersion, and adherence. Data obtained compared with the actual conducted by researchers using one sample test t-test with 95% confidence level. Based on the results of the study, increased sodium alginate concentration can increase viscosity and adhesiveness and decrease the pH and spreadability of the gel. One sample t-test analysis shows that there is no significant difference between predicted parameter value and actual result so SLD equation can be used to construct gel formula of water fraction of binahong leaf. The conclusion is a combination of sodium alginate 1.546% w/w and carboxymethyl chitosan 1.454% w/w yield gel optimum. Physical parameter response of optimum formula is pH 5.86; viscosity 2000 cps; spreadability of 21,96 cm2; and adhesiveness of 19,81 seconds