Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia
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Patogenisitas Virus Tungro pada Varietas Tetua Padi Tahan Tungro
Get PDFTungro is one of the major diseases in rice which has become a constraint in increasing rice production in Indonesia. Tungro is caused by infection of two different viruses, i.e. Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV), both of which can only be transmitted by green leafhoppers Nephotettix virescens (Distant) in a semipersistent manner. Since there is an indication of the existance of virulence variation of tungro viruses from different areas and the specific relationship between resistance of varieties and tungro viruses isolates, it is important to study the pathogenicity of tungro viruses from some endemic areas in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the pathogenicity of tungro viruses from several endemic areas in Indonesia in some resistant varieties. One susceptible variety i.e. TN1 and ten resistant varieties were used in the study. Surveys and collection of infected plants and green leafhoppers were done in tungro endemic areas, namely West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Bali and West Nusa Tenggara. Artificial transmission using the test tube method was used in the pathogenicity test. Green leafhoppers caught from the field were used as transmitters.. The pathogenicity of tungro viruses were identified by the values of the incidence of tungro and the diseases indexes (DI). The result showed that difference in pathogenicity of tungro viruses in some resistant varieties was observed. Isolates from Central Java, Central Sulawesi and West Nusa Tenggara were able to infect all of resistant varieties and the pathogenicity of Central Java isolate was the highest among the other isolates
Pengelolaan Penyakit Kuning pada Tanaman Lada oleh Petani di Wilayah Bangka
Get PDFYellow disease caused by plant-parasitic nematodes are still a major problem on pepper production area in Bangka region. Significant yield losses occurred due to yellow disease. The objective of this research was to survey the yellow disease incidence and to study farmer’s knowledge, attitude and practices on the management of yellow disease of black pepper in Bangka district, Central Bangka and South Bangka. This study consisted of a survey of the incidence of yellow disease in the field and interviews to the farmers. The result showed that the yellow disease had infected nearly all of black pepper fields in the areas with incidence of as much as 20–60%. Almost all of the respondents reported that the yellow disease was the major disease of black pepper in Bangka region. Farmers’ level of knowledge about the causal of disease, symptoms, ecology and control methods of the yellow disease are still very limited. Various control measures have been done by farmers to combat the disease, especially by removing and burning the infected plants or by application of lime. A few farmers did not even controlling the disease. Pesticides have been used by a few farmers to control the yellow disease, but the application of pesticide does not in line with integrated pest management principles
Efektivitas Isolat Bakteri dari Rizosfer dan Bahan Organik Terhadap Ralstonia solanacearum dan Fusarium oxysporum pada Tanaman Kentang
Get PDFRhizosphere is an ideal area for growth and development of microbial antagonists, because it is a nutrition rich area. Nutrients that secreted in the rhizosphere are influenced by many environmental factors which in turn effect the diversity and abundance of microbial community. Based on these facts, the research were aimed to isolate bacteria from the rhizosphere and organic materials in Tana Toraja, and determine their role as biological control agents for potato wilt disease. Antagonistic test was conducted in order to determine the ability of each bacterial isolate to inhibit the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed that from totally 74 bacterial isolates, only 10 and 4 bacterial isolates were able to inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum and F. oxysporum in vitro, respectively
Penularan Fitoplasma Sapu pada Tanaman Kacang Tanah oleh Serangga Vektor Orosius argentatus dan Deteksi Molekuler dengan Teknik PCR
Get PDFWitches’ broom disease caused by phytoplasma is a very serious disease on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) which may potentially lead to high yield loss. Insects are the most important agents of phytoplasma transmission in the field. The objective of this research was to examine the potential role of leafhoppers species as insect vector of phytoplasma and to determine their transmission characteristic. Two species of leafhopper i.e. O. argentatus and Empoasca sp. (both belong to Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were chosen for this study. The methodology involved were transmission study of phytoplasma by O. argentatus and Empoasca sp., and molecular detection of phytoplasma by PCR technique to confirm the association of pathogen, insect vector and symptomatic plants. The result showed that specific symptom was observed when using O. argentatus in the transmission study with number of insect as low as 1 insect per plant, whereas Empoasca sp. was not able to transmit the disease. Incubation period of phytoplasma in the host plant was affected by the number of insect, i.e. the more insect vector the shortest incubation period. The phytoplasma was successfully detected using P1/P7 primer in symptomatic plants as well as in the insect vector.Key words: Empoasca sp., leafhoppers, polymerase chain reactio
Penyakit Kering Pelepah pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur dan Sumatera Utara
Get PDFThe rapid development of oil palm industry is indicated by wide monoculture plantation. This condition causes the development of many diseases such as basal stem rot, bud rot, leaf spot, anthracnose, and fruit rot diseases. Recently, a new disease causing dry frond symptom was reported from plantations in 2 provinces, i.e. East Kalimantan and North Sumatera. Disease exploration was conducted in Muara Wahau estate, East Kalimantan and Kota Pinang (Labuhan Batu) estate, North Sumatera. Typical symptoms involved decaying which started from the tip of frond that spread into the middle, rotting brown to blackish; when rot had reached the middle, the frond becomes dry, and finally broken. Isolation and identification of the fungi from the infected plant showed the association of Thielaviopsis sp., although Koch Postulate–based assay was unable to prove that the disease was caused by infection of Thielaviopsis sp
Penggunaan Galur Lemah Chili veinal mottle virus untuk Proteksi Silang
Get PDFInoculation of mild virus strain prior to severe virus strain to protect plant against viral disease is the principle of cross protection. Five mild strains of Chili veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), i.e. -KAR, -SPR, -SKT, -CSR, and -PGL were used as cross protection agent to protect chili pepper plants against severe strain infection of ChiVMV-CKB. The mild strains were inoculated mechanically prior inoculation of severe strain and the efficiency of cross protection was evaluated by observing symptom development and measuring crop yield. Inoculation of mild strains 7 days prior inoculation of severe stain was not able to protect the plant from infection of severe strain ChiVMV-CKB. Protective effect was observed when mild strains were inoculated at 14, 21, and 28 days prior inoculation of severe strain. Symptom development was suppressed or delayed, and crop yield was not significantly different with healthy plants. It was suggested that to obtain the best protection against severe strain, the mild strain should be applied as early as possible before the occurrence of severe strain infection
Pengendalian Penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang Kelapa Sawit secara Kultur Teknis
Get PDFEffort to manage basal stem rot disease (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense could be conducted through several cultural practice approaches. Four series of field experiments was conducted to observe the effectiveness of cultural practice methods for controlling the epidemic of basal stem rot due to G. boninense. Sanitation trial consisted of three treatments i.e root sanitation with big hole planting system, big hole without root sanitation, and standard replanting system as comparison. Hole in hole and standard planting system were compared in the hole in hole trial. Digging and mounding trial was conducted in four treatments, i.e. digging and mounding with teer and Trichoderma, digging and mounding with Trichoderma, mounding with Trichoderma, and infected palm without any treatment as comparison. Meanwhile, a 4 m × 4 m trench was used in the isolation trench trial. Annual observation was conducted to determine the disease incidence of BSR in each trial. Results showed that all methods could prevent palms from G. boninense infection in the early stage of oil palm development. Proper root sanitation delayed G. boninense infection until 2 years after treatment (YAT), hole in hole planting system was able to suppress disease incidence up to 7 YAT, digging and mounding was useful to prolong the life of the infected palms up to 3 YAT, meanwhile the use of isolation trench was demonstrated to prevent G. boninense infection to neighboring palms up to 2 YAT
Trichoderma spp. dan Penicillium spp. dari Tanah Rizosfer Lahan Rawa Lebak dalam Menginduksi Ketahanan Tanaman Cabai Terhadap Serangan Penyakit Rebah Kecambah
Get PDFSoil microbes associated with rhizosphere are important for promoting plant growth and inducing resistance to diseases. The research was conducted to study the ability of Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. isolated from rhizosphere in lowland swampy area for controlling damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khun. Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. were cultured in bran, corn meal, and rice straw containing media and applied as inoculum to 2-weeks old seedlings. Application of two fungi isolates effectively induced resistance of chili plants to damping-off disease. Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. were significantly reduced disease incidence by 61.5–100% to 46.2–100%, respectively and disease severity by 50–100% and 30–95.9%, respectively. This experiment showed the potential of Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. as biocontrol agents to control damping-off disease on chili.
Pendugaan Parameter Genetik Ketahanan Tanaman Cabai terhadap Penyakit Antraknosa
Get PDFFruits of chili pepper as crossing population between C15 and C2 genotype were used to study genetic parameter of resistance for anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. Twenty mature green chili pepper fruits from each plant were inoculated by C. acutatum PYK 04 isolate. The results showed that resistance to anthracnose in chili pepper was controlled by recessive gene. Broad-sence heritability were high for both disease incidence and necrotic diameter. Narrow-sence heritability were high for stem diameter and low for necrotic diameter. Additive-variance ratio were high for disease incidence and medium for necrotic diameter. Development of resistance varieties of chili pepper to anthracnose should be subjected to line varieties
Kualitas Fisik, Populasi Aspergillus flavus, dan Kandungan Aflatoksin B1 pada Biji Kacang Tanah Mentah
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to investigate the physical quality, Aspergillus flavus population and aflatoxin B1 content of raw peanut kernels collected from retailers in two traditional markets (pasar Anyar and pasar Bogor) in the city of Bogor in August 2009. The number of samples collected from pasar Anyar and pasar Bogor was 14 and 12, respectively. Physical quality of kernels was determined based on the percentage of intact, shriveled and damaged kernels. Damaged kernels consisted of broken and damaged kernels caused by insect or fungal attack. Aspergillus flavus population was determined using serial dilution method followed by pour plating method on aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar. Aflatoxin B1 content was determined using thin layer chromatography method. The results showed, that the mean of percentage of intact, shriveled and damaged kernels of peanuts collected from pasar Anyar was 70.6, 12.3 and 17.1%, respectively; while that of collected from pasar Bogor was 60.2, 12.7 and 27.1%, respectively. The mean of A. flavus populations in peanuts collected from pasar Anyar and pasar Bogor was 8194 cfu g-1 and 983 cfu g-1, respectively. The mean of aflatoxin B1 content in peanuts collected from pasar Anyar and pasar Bogor was 2.0 ppb and 91.4 ppb, respectively. The percentage of peanut samples containing aflatoxin B1 more than 15 ppb and collected from pasar Anyar and pasar Bogor was 7.1% and 25%, respectively