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Isolation and identification of eurycomanone from akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia, Jack) and its antiangiogenic activity
No full textPasak bumi is one of the Indonesian original plants having anti cancer activity. One compound of akar pasak bumi, i.e eurycomanone was proven to have cytotoxic effect on cancer cell culture by apoptosis induction on HeLa cells.Therefore, this study was aimed to isolate and identify euycomanone from akar pasak bumi and to look at the anti angiogenic activity of the compounds on corio alantois membrane (CAM) of chicken embryo induced by bFGF.The akar pasak bumi was ground and was macerated with methanol. The macerate was fractioned by mean of VLC. Six fractions was obtained. The second fraction exhibited two spots on a TLC system, one spot was cochromatographedwith eurycomanone as the reference standart and another spot exhibited blue fluorecence at 254 nm. This second fraction, then, was chromatographed on a preparative scale TLC to separate isolate A. Anti angiogenic test was performed for Isolate A at concentration series of 5, 10, 15, 20, 40 μg/mL respectively. Egg embrio (8-9 days) were divided into 8 groups. The first group was implanted paperdisc only, the second group were given bFGF on Tris HCl buffer and the third group were given bFGF (on Tris HCl buffer) + 0,8 % DMSO. The fourth to eighth groupwere induced by 10 ng bFGF and the test preparation at the respective concentration. After incubation at 39 °C for 3 days, each egg was opened, the content of each was aspired and discarded, the CAM sticked to its shell was examined macroscopically and microscopically for the formation of new blood vessels.Based on spectral data of UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS of isolate A and comparison with the spectral data of the standart, the isolate A was eurycomanone. Eurycomanone inhibited angiogenesis at concentration of 10 μg/mL.Key words: antiangiogenic, angiogenesis, E.longifolia, eurycomanone,CAM
THE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ORAL MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTS FOR MIGRAINE PREVENTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Full text linkNo study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of particular oral magnesium supplement over another in preventing migraine. Different magnesium supplements have different oral absorption and bioavailability. The objective was to identify the efficacy of different oral magnesium supplements in migraine prophylaxis. A literature review using MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane library, and EMBASE was conducted during the period from November 1, 2015 until December 30, 2015. Keywords included migraine, prophylaxis, and magnesium. Magnesium citrate was used as single oral migraine prophylactic supplement in most of the published trials. Migraine attack frequency and intensity were significantly lower in magnesium citrate group compared to placebo with 41.6-64% and 43-59% reduction in migraine attack frequency and severity frequently. Magnesium oxide was used in combination with magnesium citrate in 2 randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and used alone in one RCT in adults and children. No different in migraine frequency or severity between Mg-oxide and placebo in RCT conducted in children while Only Mg-oxide containing groups showed significant reduction in migraine days when compared to control (p<0.006) in RCT conducted in adults. Magnesium chloride had never introduced as migraine prophylactic agent in clinical trials. Magnesium citrate seems to be the preferred oral magnesium supplement for migraine prevention; however, further studies comparing the efficacy of different oral magnesium supplements are needed
Evaluation of chromatographic dead times for retention indices determination in RP-HPLC using some homologous series
Full text linkDead time that defined as a retention time of unretained substance in the chromatographic coloumn, is needed to determine all retention parameters in coloumn chromatography such as corrected retention time, relative retention time and Kovats Retention Indices.This research reported a comparison between the iteration and linearization of corrected retention times of homologous series such as n-alkane, akylrylketone, alkylbenzene and 2-alkanone. Furthermore the iteration method provides better dead-time values and smaller standard deviations than the linearization method. Moreover, the dead-time calculation obtained according to homologous series is not depending on solvent composition for various homologous series.The n-alkane homologous series show better indication accuracy of fit (S/N) in comparison with other homologous series, thereafter 2-alkanone exhibit the second best adjustment.Keywords: Dead-time evaluation, homologous series, methanol/water solvent, RP-HPLC
Biological evaluation of 99mTc-ethambutol for early detection of tuberculosis infection in animal model
No full textTuberculosis (TB) is the single most infectious disease, killing millions of people globally. Conventional modalities for TB detection many times the disease is diagnosed at delayed stage and can not use for deep seated infection.Therefore, research and development of 99mTc-ethambutol to detect and locate TB at an early stage in any anatomical site have been conducted in PTNBRBATAN Bandung. The result of biological evaluation of 99mTc-ethambutol whichstudied in rat and mice are as follow, biodistribution study showed accumulation of 99mTc-ethambutol in thigh with infected TB at 4 hours post injection via vein with ratio 2.90 target/non target. Blood clearence studies exhibited 44.96 % of 99mTc-ethambutol remain in the blood within 5 minutes of 99mTc-ethambutol administration. Renal clearance study exhibited of 79.52 % 99mTc-ethambutolexcreted from the urine after 24 hours. The images were acquired with a Gamma-camera at different time intervals 1.2 3 and 4 hours showed localization of the 99mTc-ethambutol in infected TB animal model. This study showed that 99mTc-ethambutol is a promises radiopharmaceutical to detect TB infection rapidly and has accuracy with high sensitivity and specificity.Key words : radiopharmaceutical, 99mTc-ethambutol, imaging, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis
Bioaccumulation of poly-aromatic hydrocarbons in plankton, algae and fish in south sea waters in Jogjakarta
No full textAs a pollutant, the presence of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment must be always monitored, because of their ability to spread widely through the food chain and also their carsinogenic properties. The solubility of PAH in water is very low, therefore it is difficult to analyze their presence in water environment by using water as a sample. By utilizing the phenomenon of the accumulation of PAH in biolipids, the analysis method has been developed using bioindicators. In this research, the concentration of four kinds of PAH (pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and perylene) in several samples (water, plankton, algae and fish) that collected from the south sea Jogjakarta has been determined. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of PAH in each sample has been calculated and the results were from 4498 to 432754; 2552 to 49265; 14156 to 730991, respectively for plankton, algae and fish. Based on the BAF values, plankton can be used as a bioindicator for short term PAH monitoring, while the Upeneus moluccensis fish primarily gills organ can be used as a bioindicator for medium term (months) PAH monitoring.Key words : poly aromatic hydrocarbons, bioaccumulation factor, bioindicator, Upeneus moluccensi
Ameliorative effects of vitamins C and E on tenofovir/nevirapine-induced hepatorenal oxidative stress in albino rats
Full text linkBackground and Objectives: Oxidative stress has been implicated in xenobiotic-induced hepatorenal toxicity. This research was designed to investigate the effects of vitamins C and E on the baseline and tenofovir/nevirapine-induced liver and kidney levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Forty five male albino rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into groups A – I of 5 rats each. Group A (placebo control) and group B (solvent control) were orally treated with water and arachis oil respectively. Groups C – F were orally treated with vitamins C, E, vitamins C and E, and tenofovir/nevirapine respectively. Groups G– I were pretreated with vitamins C, E and vitamins C and E prior to treatment with tenofovir/nevirapine respectively. Rats were sacrificed after treatment for 30 days; liver and kidneys were collected and evaluated for the above parameters. Results: Significant (p<0.05) increases in the baseline levels of liver and kidney SOD, GSH, and CAT with decreases in MDA levels were obtained in vitamins C and E treated rats when compared to control. On the contrary, treatment with tenofovir/nevirapine significantly (p<0.05) decreased liver and kidney SOD, GSH, and CAT levels with increases in MDA levels when compared to control. However, all tenofovir/nevirapine -induced alterations were abrogated in rats pretreated vitamins C and E. Abrogation was most pronounced in rats pretreated with combined doses of vitamins C and E. Conclusion: Observations in the present study could be attributed to the inhibitory effects of vitamins C and E on the oxidative activity of tenofovir/nevirapine in the liver and kidney of treated rats
The effect of mengkudu fruit methanolic extract and methanolic residual fraction on GLUT-4 protein elevation
Full text linkInvestigating in the Diabetes Mellitus drug which one having good activity and tolerance to patients are still in researchers’ concern. One of the main topics now days is the use of mengkudu plants as a traditional medicine of Diabetes Mellitus. This research was aimed to determine the increase of GLUT-4 protein in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus rats after given methanolic extract and methanolic residual of mengkudu fruit. The male rats were diabetic induced with exogenous i.p. insulin for 10 days. After showing hyperglycemic effect, the rats were given orally methanolic extract and methanolic residual fraction of mengkudu fruit for 4 days. On the fifth day, fasting blood glucose was measured and the rats were sacrificed to take the thigh muscle tissue for imunohistochemical calculation. The result showed that methanolic extract and methanolic residual of mengkudu fruit increase the amount of GLUT-4 protein, but can not reduce fasting blood glucose levels of male white rats. Key words : mengkudu fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.), methanolic extract and methanolic residual, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, GLUT-4 protei
AN LC- MS/MS METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OMEPRAZOLE ON PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR IN HUMAN PLASMA
Full text linkA sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of omeprazole in human plasma. Lansoprazole was used as internal standard with plasma samples, extracted using 10mM ammonium acetate. A centrifuged upper layer was then evaporated and reconstituted with Acetonitrile: mobile phase buffer 70:30%v/v. The reconstructed samples were injected into a C18 column purospher star 5µ. The mobile phase was composed of ACN: mobile phase buffer (5mm ammonium bicarbonate buffer) in the ratio of 70:30%v/v with flow rate 1.0mL/min. The mass spectrometer was operated using positive ion mode and turbo electro spray ionisation. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer, curtain, collision and auxiliary gases. Using MS/MS with multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode, omeprazole was detected without severe interferences from plasma matrix. Detection of omeprazole in human plasma was accurate and precision. This method has been successfully applied to the study of omeprazole in human specimensKeywords: Proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, lansoprazole, LC-MS/MS, liquid liquid extractio
STRUCTURE–ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES STUDY OF SOME DIBASIC PHENYLCARBAMIC ACID ESTERS
Full text linkDue to worldwide phenomenon of microbial resistance to commonly used therapeutic agents, antibiotics and antifungals, dibasic di‑/trimethylphenylcarbamic acid esters 1–3, a non-traditional series of potential antimicrobials, has been in vitro evaluated against chosen Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains as well as against yeast (C. albicans) by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Taking into consideration chemical structure of tested derivatives, the incorporation of more than one protonated atom of nitrogen into salt forming fragment positively influenced the activity against E. coli. On the contrary, the presence of one or more methyl groups instead of 3-alkoxy side chain attached to lipophilic aromatic moiety has not found to be favorable structural feature. In entire set of inspected compounds, the most promising results have been found for the compound 3, chemically1-[3-piperidinium-1-yl-2-({[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amino]carbonyl}oxy)propyl]piperidinium dichloride, against E. coli with the MIC=1.56 mg/mL. Key words: Dibasic phenylcarbamic acid esters, Escherichia coli, hydrogen bonding, lipophilicit
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FREE NICOTINE PATCH THERAPY IN A CHARITY CLINIC FOR SMOKING CESSATION
Full text linkThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a free nicotine- patch therapy for smoking cessation in Saudi smokers. A single centered prospective study was carried out in a charity clinic for smoking cessation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 31 subjects who attended the smoking cessation clinic from June 2014 to August 2014 were studied. All participants were male and their mean age was 31.1±6.4 years. The duration of history of smoking was 12.9±6.8 years. The nicotine- patch therapy outcomes were measured at baseline and at 6 weeks after using nicotine- patch therapy. At base line the number of cigarettes per day was 27±10 and carbon monoxide (CO) level was 20.2±8.3. The analyzed statistics revealed that there were significant decreased in the number of cigarette per day (p=0.001) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) level (p=0.001) over 6 weeks of nicotine- patch therapy. After 6 weeks of therapy, abstinence rate was 58 % (verified by CO level) and no serious adverse reactions were documented. The most common side effects were nausea, headache and local irritation sings. In addition, our finding revealed that smokers were likely to suffer from withdrawal symptoms following trying to quit. These withdrawal symptoms include sleep disturbance, loss of concentration and weight gain as well as irritability. Results of this study show that free nicotine-patch therapy is an effective measure for smoking cessation in Saudi population.Keywords: nicotine patch therapy, smoking cessation clinic, side effect