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PRODUCTION OF QUININE ALKALOID BY SOME ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES WITH ADDITION OF INDUCER SUBSTANCES (Studies on Endophytic Microbes of Cinchona sp. plants (2))
Get PDFEndophytic microbes have been known to be potential as the sources of active compound for medicines. Optimization of medium, including of inducer addition, is necessary to obtain optimum products. This study, therefore, was aimed to investigate the effect of Cinchona succirubra bark powder addition in the production of quinine compound by endophytic microbe growing in two different liquid media. Endophytic microbe isolated from Cinchona sp. were shaker incubated in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and Phoma media with the addition of bark powder of C. succirubra for 3 days. Quinine production was analyzed with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The result showed an increasing of quinine production for each microbes. Highest increasing of quinine production (2.2 folds) was yielded by mold culture (J3P1) grown in PDB medium.Keywords: inducer, quinine, endophytic microbe, Cinchona succirubr
Evaluation of drug release from fatty based suppository: the difference between intrinsic and non-intrinsic dissolution methods
Get PDFStudy on the difference of evaluation methods, namely intrinsic and non-intrinsic dissolution methods, on the drug release from fatty-based suppository has been performed. The study was done by producing the suppositories consisting of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg of sodium salicylate respectively. The drug release from the suppositories was then evaluated using intrinsic dissolution apparatus that limited the contact area of the suppository with the medium, and non-intrinsic that not limited its contact area. The aim of the study was to know the difference of the drug release profiles if they are evaluated using intrinsic and non-intrinsic dissolution methods.The results showed that the drug release using non-intrinsic dissolution method was always higher than that of the intrinsic method at any drug concentration, the drug concentration has not showed proportional relationship with their release although the drug release tend to be higher as the concentration was higher.Key words: suppository, dissolutio
The influence of vitamin B1 and zinc sulphate to the polysaccharide production of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and the immunomodulatory test on lymphocyte cells of Balb/c mice
Get PDFMushroom had been used for a long time as medicine. Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) which is known as one kind mushroom of wood, has very large benefit and various advantages. Shiitake consist of polysaccharide, which is known as lentinan, arrange on shape β-1,3 glucan with β-1,3 and β-1,6 glucopyranoside having immunomodulatory properties. These properties are important for treatment of tumor and cancer. The purpose of this research is to increase polysaccharide production in shiitake by adding various concentration of vitamin B1 and 1 mMol zinc sulphate which are known as cofactor on enzymatic reaction of polysaccharide metabolism via pentose phosphate pathway. These cofactor are added on the media of primordial phase of shiitake cultures.The concentration of polysaccharide was determined by modified phenol sulphuric acid test (AOAC Official Method of Analysis No. 988.12) and the immunomodulatory test was conducted by employing lymphocyte cells and the proliferation of these cells was determined by MTT reduction method. The result showed that the maximum production of polysaccharide was reached by adding 8% of vitamin B1 and this was followed by the increase of lymphocyte cells proliferation activity.Key words: shiitake, vitamin B1, zinc sulphate, polysaccharide, lymphocyte, proliferation
Phytochemical compounds and the effect of ‘bangunbangun’ leaves (Coleus amboinicus, L.) water extract on phagocytosis activity of neutrophil cell rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Get PDFTraditional medicine has been recognized and widely used in Indonesia for healthy care or alternative medication in certain diseases. However, without scientific evidence, traditional medicine of empirical evidence cannot be used for modern health medication.
This research was designed to find out the mains compound despite of Bangun-bangun aqueous extract from Kaliurang district using phytochemistry analysis such as Thin Layer Chromatography method and determine the
effect on neutrophil cell activities by observing their phagocytosis.
The result showed that the main compounds of Bangun-bangun leaves from Kaliurang district are polyphenol, saponin, flavonol glycoside and essential oil. Administration of the extract with the doses of Bangun-bangun leaves treatment 19,0 g/kg bw/oral/day (group A) and 31,5 g/kg bw/oral/day (group B) increased neutrophil cell phagocytosis up to 50% and 60 %, respectively, compared to those of controls which is 10% during 30 days treatment. Neutrophil cell phagocytosis in group B and C capability increase up to 80% (
Evaluation of antibiotic usage in patient with fever in a private hospital in Yogyakarta (period January – June 2002)
Get PDFFever as a symptom may indicate to any other diseases. According to the standard therapy by IDI (1998) fever should be treated without antibiotic, but the fact showed that 70 % antibiotics were used for treatment. This study aimed at describing about fever and evaluating antibiotic usage in patients with fever as a final diagnose by appropriateness, effectiveness, and safety as a criteria of evaluation.The present study was done with retrospective data collection and descriptive-evaluative design. Data was collected from medical records within a period from 2002 January to June. A number of 157 patients were used for the assesment.The highest percentage of patient’s fever was a group of 17 – 60 years old (63. 28%). The final diagnose was fever (29.58%) and others (70.42%) such as viral infection (17.16%), DHF (8.28%), DF (7.01%) and acute respiratory traction infection (5.92%). There were 29 kinds of antibiotics (79.62%) that given to the patients as an empirical therapy and the highest was pefloxacin (13.14%). The percentage of antibiotic usage in patients with fever as a final diagnose (50 patients) was 86.00% (21 kinds of antibiotics) and the highest was pefloxacin (17.19%). Both of fever less than 5 days ormore than 5 days were treated with antibiotic, which was inappropriate usage because fever less than 5 days related to viral infection. There was only 4.65% had a culture and sensitivity test, which was appropriate antibiotics usage. There were 46.51% no growth of culture and 48.84% without culture, which was inappropriate antibiotics usage. Treatment with and without antibiotics could normalize vital signs each was 90.70% and 85.71% with no significant difference (with non parametric exact probability Fisher analysis, CI 0.05) and RR value (95%, 0.69-1.30). Patient’s recoveries were 88.37% and 85.71% with and without antibiotic therapy with no significant difference (CI 95% and 0.96 RR value with CI 95%; 0.66 – 1.41). There were two cases (4.00%) of contraindication and 12.00% of potential drug interactions. According to the standard therapy and supporting data of this study, so that fever should not always be treated with antibiotic.Key words: antibiotic, fever, evaluation
CAPABILITY OF WATER AND ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT FRACTIONS OF BENALU (Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq) LEAVES TO DISSOLVE CALCIUM KIDNEY STONE IN VITRO, DETERMINED USING FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION METHOD
Get PDFKidney stone disease is common among Indonesian. Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq grow on petai (Lauchaena glauca L.), a plant parasite has yet been used as traditional medicine to treat, especially, kidney stone disiase. Fat free Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq leaves powder was macerated using ethanol (70%) followed by ethyl acetate. The compound content in water and ethyl acetate fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using cellulose as the stationary phase and a mixture of butanol: acetic acid: water (4:1:5) as mobile phase. The TLC data showed that water and ethyl acetate fractions contained flavonoid compounds. Kidney stone was analyzed using Infra Red Spectrophotometer to identify its chemical contents. The result showed that the kidney stone consisted of calcium and magnesium carbonate/phosphate. The Fast Neutron Activation analysis was utilised to determine the solubility of kidney stone. The result demonstrated that the maximum solubility of kidney stone was achieved in water fraction with the concentration of 90 % or in ethyl acetate fraction with the concentration of 70 %. The solubility of kidney stone in water fraction was higher than that in ethyl acetate fraction. Key word : Kidney stone, Dendrophthoe pentandra, Water fraction, Ethyl acetat fraction
Phalerin, a new benzophenoic glucoside isolated from the methanolic extract of Mahkota Dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff). Boerl.] leaves
Get PDFMahkota Dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). Boerl.] is used traditionally to treat cancers in Indonesia. Extract methanol of the leaves displayed a small LC50 value (63.16 μg/ml) on BST (Brine Shrimp Lethality test) assay; therefore a phytochemical study of this extract was undertaken. A new benzophenoic glucoside was isolated from the methanol extract and identified as 4,5-dihydroxy,4’-methoxybenzophenone-3-0-β-D-glucoside (Phalerin) based on its spectroscopic data. Phalerin was cytotoxic to myeloma cell line (NS-1) (in vitro) having IC50 of 83 μg/ml or 1.9 x 10-1 mM.Key words: Phaleria macrocarpa, Phalerin, myelom
Synthesis of Phenethyl-aza-ß-Lactam (1,2-Dimethyl4(R,S)-Phenethyl-[1,2]Diazetidin-3-One)
Get PDFRacemic spiro-epoxide, (7RS, 1RS, 3RS)-phenethyl-10-oxa-1,3-dithiaspiro[6,7]octane 1,3-dioxide 12, can be synthesised in four step reactions, sequences starting from the commercially available 1,3-dithiane 8. The synthesis of aza ß-lactam, 1,2-dimethyl-4(R,S)-phenethyl-[1,2]diazetidin-3one 13, was successfully carried out by opening the epoxide by 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine salt in moderate yield. Keywords : epoxide, aza-ß-lacta
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF ETHYL SALICYL FUMARATE AND ETHYL FURFURYL FUMARATE
Get PDFThis research was conducted in order to synthesize and investigate the antimicrobial activity of ethyl salicyl fumarate and ethyl furfuryl fumarate. These two target molecules were chosen as the former is the derivative of C-9154 antibiotic containing phenolic hydroxyl group, whereas the latter is an example of C-9154 antibiotic derivative bearing furan ring instead of benzene.Ethyl salicyl fumarate was synthesized from methyl salicylate through reduction with LiAlH4, condensation of salicyl alcohol with maleic anhydride, and esterification of salicyl maleic acid with ethanol in the presence of benzenesulfonic acid as the catalyst. These reactions gave satisfactory yields (76-92 %) in all steps involved. Similar to this procedure, ethyl furfuryl fumarate was prepared from furfural through reduction with NaBH4 followed by condensation of the resulted furfuryl alcohol with maleic anhydride and esterification of furfuryl maleic acid with ethanol in the presence of benzenesulfonic acid. Although the reduction of furfural and the condensation of furfuryl alcohol with maleic anhydride could be performed smoothly, the esterification of furfuryl maleic acid with ethanol only gave 38 % yield of ethyl furfuryl fumarate.The results of antimicrobial activity test showed that the value of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of salicyl maleic acid and ethyl salicyl fumarate towards Staphyllococcus aureus were 500 and 100 μg/mL, whereas towards Eschericia coli were 2000 and 4000 μg/mL respectively. In contrast, the MIC values of furfuryl maleic acid and ethyl furfuryl fumarate towards Staphyllococcus aureus and Eschericia coli were 150 and 100 μg/mL respectively.Keywords: synthesis, activity, C-9154 antibiotic, fumarat
A Preformulation of a Water Soluble Furosemide Dosage Form
Get PDFSolid dispersion system of water-insoluble furosemide in polyvinylpirolidon (PVP) was prepared by a solvent method in various ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 : 5, 1 : 7 and 1 : 9 of the drug and PVP, respectively in order to improve furosemide solubility and dissolution. The improvement of furosemide solubility was studied by a solubility method in a shaking waterbath. The solubility test showed that various concentrations of PVP and temperature gave statistically significant increased of furosemida solubility (P < 0,05). The dissolution study of furosemide solid dispersion system was done using a dissolution tester at the rotation rate of 50 rpm. Furosemide concentration released was determined spectrophotometrically using a UV spectrofometer. This test showed a significant increased of furosemida solubility (P < 0,05), but with a prolonged of releasing time.Key Word : solid dispersion, solubility, dissolution, bioavailability