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MOLECULAR MODELING OF VITEOSIN-A, A TRACHEOSPASMOLYTIC COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM N-HEXANE EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF Vitex Trifolia L.
Get PDFViteosin-A, a tracheospasmolytic compound, was successfully isolated from n-hexane extract of the leaves of Vitex trifolia L. With the concentration of 0.05 and 0.15 mg/ml viteosin-A inhibited a guinea pig tracheal contraction due to histamine (10-7 – 10-3 M) in vitro by 27.1 and 47.9 %, respectively. Confirmation of C-5 and C-6 configuration is necessary to determine the active reaction site of viteosin-A and its receptor for future development. This research was focused on a molecular modeling of viteosin-A using computational method with HyperChem Pro 4.0 for Windows as software. Based on spectroscopic data and molecular modeling, viteosin-A has S configuration at C-5 and C-6, and therefore was confirmed as (5S,10S)-6S-acetoxy-8R-methyl-9-hidroxy-labda-13Z-en-16,15-olide.Keywords: viteosin-A, molecular modelin
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENERIC AND BRANDED NAME AMPICILLIN IN TABLETS USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)
Get PDFThe determination of ampicillin in tablets of branded and generic names by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) had been carried out. Using column selectosphere C18 (25cm x 4,6 mm) as stationary phase; water : acetonitrile : potassium phosphate 1 M : acetic acid 1 N (909+80+10+1) V/V as mobile phase; flow rate = 2,5 ml/minute; sensitivity = 0,08 AUFS and uv detector at 254 nm wave length. Identification of ampicillin BPFI, ampicillin (Pharos), and ampicillin in tablets of branded and generic names got the retention time 5 minutes.Determination of calibration curve linearity showed a linear correlation between the peak area versus concentrations from 200 to 700 g/ml with the correlation coefficient, r = 0,9984 and got the equation of regression Y = 249,89 X - 4305,15. The recovery test of ampicillin (Pharos) showed the concentration 99,36%104,76% with deviation standard = 1,6447; relative error = 2,06% and coefficient of variation = 1,61%. The quantification of ampicillin in tablets with generic names showed the concentration = 99,69%104,99% (PT. Indofarma); 91,03%97,53% (PT. Phapros); 95,70%102, 44% (PT. Farma); and for tablets of branded names namely : Binotal (PT. Bayer) = 93,38%99,44%; Kalpicillin (PT. Kalbe Farma) = 91,41%97, 95%; Parpicilin (PT, Prafa) = 97,19%101,67% and Cetacilin (PT. Soho) = 95,60%98,58%. All samples fulfilled the requirement of Farmakope Indonesia fourth edition (1995) namely containing ampicillin not less than 90,0% and not more than 120,0% from the label declared.Key words : HPLC, Ampicillin, assa
THE OPTIMATION OF SPECTROFLOUROMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MALONIC DIALDEHYDE IN HUMAN SPERM
Get PDFOptimation of a method is an obligatory step in order one to obtain a valid and accountable data, especially when one deal with biological samples. Biological samples usually contain minute substances which sometime elicit great errors when someone try to determine its concentration. Therefore, in order to reduce those errors, optimation of a method is mandatory to be carried out. The aim of this experiment was to determine malonic dialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation. The optimation carried out in this experiment include the selection of wavelength of maximum absorbance, the amount of sodium thiobarbiturate, pH, the incubation period, standard curve linearity, limit of detection and quantification, accuracy and precision. The result showed that the optimum conditions of spectrofluorometric method of MDA were as follow: the excitation and emission wavelengths was 522 and 575 nm, respectively, pH of 1 and incubation period of 135 minutes. These conditions yielded correlation coefficient of standard curve of 0.9993, limit detection and quantification of 3.5146 x 10-4 mg/ml and 1.0544 x 10-3 mg/ml, respectively, an average recovery of 85.01 % and variation coefficient of 1.84 %.Key words: optimation, spectrofluorometric, sperm, malonic dialdehyde, MD
COBALT INDUCTION ON BIOSYNTHESIS OF CYANOCOBALAMIN by Streptomyces olivaceus IFO 3409.
Get PDFThe structure of cyanocobalamin containing an essensial cobalt is as part the compound. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cobalt on biosynthesis of cyanocobalamin done by Streptomyces olivaceus IFO 3409. This experiment was carried out by cultivating S. olivaceus in fermentation medium contained glucose 1,5%, pepton 1%, yeast extract 0,25%, trace mineral and each of medium was added cobalt 5, 10, 20 ppm. Cyanocobalamin synthesized by the cells was harvested on the last exponential phase. The amount of cyanocobalamin was analyzed by spectrophotometer. The results show that no cyanocobalamin was produced by S. olivaceus culture without kobalt or treated with 5 ppm cobalt on medium. However cyanocobalamin was produced if the culture medium was treated with 10 and 20 ppm cobalt respectively. It was concluded that cobalt induced on cyanocobalamin biosyntesis, therefore optimation of adding kobalt might be examined on getting maximal cyanocobalamin produced by Streptomyces olivaceus IFO 3409.Key words: cyanocobalamin, cobalt, Streptomyces olivaceus IFO 3409
The acute toxicity of isolates from n-hexane and ethanolic fraction of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. which have immunostimulatory activity
Get PDFThe acute toxiciy of two isolates from n-hexane fraction and ethanolic fractions of Dendrophthoe pentandra ( L) Miq. leaves have been investigated. Isolate HD54 (ß-sitosterol) Isolat HD54 (ß-sitosterol) isolated from nhexane fraction and ED44 (quercitrine) from ethanolic fraction, which these two fraction have immunostimulatory activity. The acute toxicity test of isolates were investigated on mice after giving a single dose of samples by observing their influences on behavioral responses (pharmacological profile), the development of body weight and mortality each day for 14 days. The observation vital organ have been done on fifteeth day. The results of acute toxicity test after giving the two isolates to males and females mice showed that until a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was no animal died and significant toxic effect. Therefore LD50 of the two isolates on mice were higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Key words : acute toxicity, immunostimulant, Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq., LD50
Antibiotic usage in pediatric respiratory tract infection
Get PDFRespiratory tract infections are the worldwide main cause of death in children aging less than 5 years. In developed countries; respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity, accounted for 20% of medical consultation, 30% of work absenteeism and 75 % of all antibiotic prescription. Upper respiratory tract infections in children, which often associated with viral infection, and in average about 40 – 60 % of children with upper respiratory tract infections were prescribed with antibiotics. The type of antibiotics also varies from hospital to another.The objectives of this study are to describe the pattern, outcome, and cost of antibiotic usage in pediatric respiratory tract infections. A prospective study of pediatrics admitted to Pediatric Ward, Penang Hospital for respiratory tract infections was carried out. Appropriate descriptive analysiswas used. The results showed that penicillin, erythromycin; amoxicillinclavulanate were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for respiratory tract infections. The average duration of antibiotic therapy 3.0 ± 3.2 days, fever clearance time 2.2 ± 2.4 days, improvement of sign and symptoms 3.7 ± 2.5 days and mean length of stay in the ward was 4.9 ± 2.8 days. The average cost of antibiotics was RM 14.83 ± 83.13, and total cost of respiratory tract infections treatment was RM 98.88 ± 65.87.Key words: antibiotic, respiratory tract infection, pediatric, hospita
Economic evaluation of antibiotic usage for cesarean section in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital
Get PDFIn the developed countries, the incidence of cesarean section year by year increases by 7 –10 %. There have been various kinds of cesarean section in several hospitals. In PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta hospital, the incidence of cesarean section in 2001 increased up to 21 %. There are also various kinds of antibiotics used to deal with cesarean section cases which caused various kinds of medical cost. Therefore, identification of antibiotics cost, which used to deal with cesarean section in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta hospital was studied.The study was performed by epidemiological survey of cesarean section via patient’s medical record, medicinal cost for treatment and surgery, and patient’s invoice in the year 2000. The study involved recording identification of patients and physicians identities, antibiotics and other medicines used, surgical equipment, cesarean section indications, pharmacy and other cost, duration of staying related to cesarean section.Results showed that the majority of cesarean section has prolonged labour (26%). The majority of antibiotics used in cesarean section is Sulbenicillin injection with Klindamicin oral (31%) and Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate injection with Amoxicillin oral (23%). Cost of antibiotics were 12.5% - 44.4% of pharmacy expenses and 6.7% - 14.8% of total expenses. No correlation between antibiotics cost and hospital stays.Key words : cost, antibiotic, cesarean sectio
CAPABILITY OF WATER AND ETHYL ACETATE FRACTIONS OF BENALU (Dendrophthoe L.f Ettingsh) LEAVES TO DISSOLVE CALCIUM KIDNEY STONE IN VITRO, DETERMINED USING FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION METHOD
Get PDFKidney stone disease is the second major causal leading to kidney failure. Treatment to the disease could be by surgery, ultravibration and either traditional or modern medecines. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh grow, as a parasite, on the mindi (Melia azeradach), a plant has yet been used to cure kidney disorder caused by calcium kidney stone. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh leaves powder was extracted by ethanol (70%) and re-extracted by ethyl acetate. The compound content in water and ethyl acetate fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using cellulose as the stationary phase and a mixture of butanol: acetic acid: water (4:1:5) as mobile phase. The TLC data showed that water and ethyl acetate fractions contained flavonoid compounds. Kidney stone was analyzed using Infra Red Spectrophotometer to identify its chemical contents. The result showed that the kidney stone consisted of calcium and magnesium carbonate/phosphate. The Fast Neutron Activation analysis was utilized to determine the solubility of kidney stone. The result exhibited that the maximum solubility of kidney stone was achieved in water fraction with the concentration of 20 % or in ethyl acetate fraction with the concentration of 40 %. The solubility of kidney stone in water fraction was higher than that in ethyl acetate fraction.Key word : Kidney stone , Dendrophthoe falcata , Water fraction, Ethyl acetat fraction
THE CLEAVING ACTIVITY ASSAY ON SUPERCOILED DNA BY PROTEIN FRACTIONS FROM Morinda citrifolia LEAVES
Get PDFStudy on supercoiled DNA cleaving activity assay of protein fraction from Morinda citrifolia leaf had been done. The aim of this research is to compare the supercoiled DNA cleaving abilities among the fractions. This is a preliminary screening to find RIP from Morinda citrifolia Fractionation of protein was done by adding Ammonium Sulphate up to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% in the crude extract, saturated solution was then centifugated to get the pellet fractions and coded as F-20, F-40, F-60, F-80 and F-100. The mixture of pUC19 plasmid and protein fractions, in the same protein concentration were incubated at room temperature for one hour, the cleaving ability of protein fraction on supercoiled DNA.was investigated. The results indicated that protein fractions, of F-80 had the highest cleaving activity to supercoiled DNA.Key words : Ribosome-Inactivating Protein (RIP), supercoiled DNA , protein fraction, Morinda citrifolia
Relationship between blood level chloroquine, metabolite desethylchloroquine and paracytaemia of Plasmodium falciparum infection in malaria endemic area Purworejo
Get PDFChloroquine is the drug of choice for Plasmodium falciparum and has long been used as the first line treatment in malaria in Indonesia. However, recent studies show that chloroquine resistance has been found in several endemic area. This study was aimed at investigating the correlation between whole blood chloroquine and desethylchloroquine levels and paracytaemia in the endemic areas.The study was carried out in Pituruh sub-district of Purworejo district. Thirty two subjects were enrolled using active case detection and passive case detection methods. Inclusion criteria: age 10-50 years old, asexual P falciparum > 1000/μl blood, not pregnant women, not having complication of malaria, willing to be observed for 28 days and agree to take part in study by signing an informed concent.The 32 samples were collected at day 2, and 10 samples were collected at 0, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 days to detect the precence of paracytaemia and chloroquine and desetylchloroquine levels. A high Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) was used to analyze blood chloroquine and desethylchloroquine levels.The result show that chloroquine has been regurarly used (in 78.12% of subject) the day before the treatment was started. Mean blood redundant chloroquine and desethylchloroquine (combined) redundant in day 2 were 397.7 (SEM: 38.1) and prosentage of paracytaemia inhibitory effect was 93.7% (SEM: 2.07). This study observed no significant correlations between blood chloroquine and desethylchloroquine levels and paracytaemia.The result showed that increasing and decreasing of blood level chloroquine and desethylchloroquine has no correlation to the increasing or decreasing of paracytaemia inhibition in patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection in the endemic areas, which might be due to many factors including resistance to chloroquine.Key words : chloroquine, desethylchloroquine – P falciparu