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Macroporous thermosensitive poly(HEMA-coNIPAAm) hydrogels for controlled drug delivery application
Get PDFControlled delivery systems of a predetermined dose over a sustained period have been used to overcome the shortcomings of conventional dosage forms. This is because the controlled drug delivery system can provide sustained therapeutic level of drug concentration without toxicity and convenience for patients. It would be more beneficial and ideal if the drug could be delivered by a device that would respond to external environmental change. Therefore, the correct amount of drug would be released upon the stimulation of such a temperature change. The purpose of study is synthesis of macroporous thermal responsive poly(HEMA-co-NIPAAM) hydrogels by free radical polymerization for controlled drug delivery applications. Effect of varying water and HEMA-NIPAAm ratio in the monomer mixture were resulted interconnected macroporous structure. From the result, 5HEMA15NIPAAm was showed the most rapid responsiveness in swelling ratio, polymer volume fraction, swelling and deswelling kinetics. The high drug loading capacity was achieved at or below ambient temperature, whilst the release profile was revealed sustain release of conventional anti-inflammatory drug; prednisolone 21 hemisuccinate sodium salt. In general, incorporating appropriate amount of water and HEMA-NIPAAm ratio can improve the swelling properties, drug loading capacity and drug release profile, which can be use for sustained release of various medication.Key words: macroporous, thermosensitive hydrogel, controlled drug delivery applicatio
The effect of fumaric acid-sodium bicarbonate on the green tea effervescent granule’s quality made by dry granulation
Get PDFTea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) had been known to contains epigallocathecin gallate (EGCG) that can be used to maintain the healthy. In this research, the green tea was tried to be formulated in effervescent dosage form, with the focus on the effect among fumaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, and the interaction between fumaric acid and sodium bicarbonate on the green tea extract effervescent granule’s physical properties, that made by dry granulation method. Physical properties of effervescent granule that been study were moisture content, flow rate, disintegration time, and pH of the solution. The result showed that sodium bicarbonate was dominant in determining pH, granule flow rate and moisture content of granule, whereas fumaric acid dominant in disintegration time of effervescent granule.Key words: green tea, fumaric acid, effervescent granule, dry granulatio
Brand extensions’ influence on brand image : empirical study on Bodrex’sbrand
Get PDFBodrex’s manufacturer is attempting to use Bodrex brand success to enter flu and cough medicine category by releasing Bodrex Flu dan Batuk. The launching of Bodrex Flu dan Batuk will affect Bodrex’s brand image. The objective of this research is to examine the influence of Bodrex Flu dan Batuk on Bodrex’s brand image. This research was conducted in Yogyakarta using purposive sampling method on respondents that have been using Bodrex for 6 months. Data were collected by using questionnaire with Likert scale that measured initial brand image, category fit, image fit, consumers’ attitude towards brand extension, innovativeness, and final brand image. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) application was used to analyse data. Research result showed that brand extension has its effect on Bodrex’s brand image, in which its final brand image was affected significantly by consumers’ attitude towards brand extension (t-value = 4.88) and initial brand image (t-value = 15.14). However, initial brand image (standardized solution = 0,88) has a larger role in final brand image formation than consumers’ attitude towards brand extension (standardized solution = 0.15). Consumers’ attitude towards Bodrex’s brand extension affected significantly by image fit (t-value = 5.29), category fit (tvalue = 1.99) and insignificantly by initial brand image (t-value = 0.49). The result also showed that innovativeness significantly (t-value = -2.79) moderates category fit relation with consumers attitude towards brand extension.Key words: brand extension, brand image, Bodrex, innovativenes
Radiation exposure of radiation workers from 1997 – 2006 based on the criteria and working period
Get PDFThe external acceptance dose of radiation worker inYogyakarta have been studied. This research was done in this three specific areas A,B,C, because of worker in this trihedral have hit high probability radiation exposure. Radiation exposure worker were taken from each worker who wears Thermoluminescent Dosimeteron period 1997-2006. Exposure result of radiation is done every year in Laboratory Safety, Health and Environment, Centre of Research and Development Safety Radiation, National Nuclear Energy Agency. This research aim is to know how much exposure dose of radiation accepted by worker radiation weather have been fulfilled or not the system limitation of dose which have been specified by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and or Nuclear Energy Regulation Agency and also determine furthermore step to guarantee health and safety worker radiation worker. Radiation worker that chosen as sample of research are 45 workers that are radiation worker. Data collection which is used in this research using personnel radiation monitors. The result of this analysis indicate that distribution acceptance of annual dose personal of group interval 0-2 mSv, and acceptance of highest dose 6.09 mSv in the year 1998 from section A. Whole acceptance of dose of external personal at worker from third monitored area, still below the dose of limitation Nuclear Energy Regulation Agency which is recommended is 50 mSv/year and ICRP 1990 is 20 mSv/year.Key words: personal radiation exposure, radiation worker, radiatio
The effect of avocado butter to characteristics of emullient W/O cream
Get PDFAvocado butter is an unsafonifiable fraction of avocado oil that contains of 25-30 % fitosterol as anti-aging agent. In this research, the influence of 6 variation avocado butter between 1–11 % to o/w cream characteristics has been researched. O/W cream has been made by meltingand mixing methods at 700C, and than cream product was evaluated. The result showed that o/w cream characteristics were progressively influenced by amount of avocado butter. In using avocado butter between 1–7 % in creams, the value of pH, viscosity, and particle size in product creams progressively go down, but theirs spread-abilities progressively go up. On the contrary cream characteristics that usage 9% of avocado butter, the value of viscosity and particle size began to go up while pH, but spread-abilities go down.Key words :avocado butter, O/W cream, cream characteristic, stabilit
Optimization of formula sustained releaase captopril tablet using factorial design method
Get PDFCaptopril is one of the most frequently used medicine in the treatment of hypertension with repeatedly used frequency in a day. Therefore captopril should be formulated in the form of sustained release and find the optimum formula. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of both factors and their interactions, which are the ratio of polymer HPMC K4M -xanthan gum factor at the level of 1:1 and 4:1 and the concentration of tartaric acid at levels of 0% and 5% on physical properties of tablets, drug release, floating lag time. Furthermore, find the optimum formula that meets the requirements and produce tablets with drug release pattern according to zero order kinetics. Based on Design Expert optimization program was obtained the optimum formula using a combination of polymer HPMC K4M – xanthan gum ratio 3.75:1 and concentration of of tartaric acid 4.5% would be result the hardness respons 12.02 Kp the friability 0.47%, the floating lag time 0.32 minutes, and the rate of dissolution 0.05 mg/min. The results show that combination of factors polymer HPMC K4M - xanthan gum ratio can increase the tablet hardness, lower tablet friability, accelerate the floating lag time, and increase the rate of dissolution. Tartaric acid can decrease the tablet hardness, increase the friability, accelerate the floating lag time, and increase the rate of dissolution. Interaction of both can reduce the tablet hardness, increase the tablet friability, slow floating lag time, and increase the rate of dissolution.Key words: captopril, HPMC K4M, xanthan gum, tartaric acid, factorial desig
Synthesis, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of substituted benzoylthioureas
Get PDFThree compounds (i.e. benzoylthiourea, 4-nitrobenzoylthiourea, and 4-chlorobenzoylthiourea) have been synthesized from ammonium thiocyanate, substituted benzoyl chlorides, and ammonia as starting materials. The structures of sythesized compounds were confirmed by means of ultra-violet, infrared, magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. All compounds were evaluated for their analgesic and anti-inflamatory activities by tail-flick technique and carragenan-induced paw oedema test respectively. Substitution of p-NO2 and p-Cl group to benzoylthiourea increased the analgesic and anti-inflamatory activities. The two compounds, 4-nitrobenzoylthiourea and 4-chlorobenzoylthiourea, were significantly more potent as analgesic but their antiinflamatory actvity was weaker than Na-diclofenac.Keywords: benzoylthioureas, p-Cl dan p-NO2substituents, analgesic and anti-inflamator activitie
The effect of fumaric acid-sodium bicarbonate on the green tea effervescent granule’s quality made by dry granulation
Get PDFTea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) had been known contains epigallocathecin gallate (EGCG) that can be used to maintain the healthy. In this research, the green tea will be tried to be formulated in effervescent dosage form, with the focus on the effect among fumaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, or the interaction between fumaric acid and sodium bicarbonate on the green tea extract effervescent granule’s physical properties, that made by dry granulation method. Physical properties of effervescent granule that been study were moisture content, flow rate, disintegration time, and pH of the solution. The result showed that sodium bicarbonate was dominant in determining pH, granule flow rate and moisture content of granule, whereas fumaric acid dominant in disintegration time of effervescent granule.Key words: green tea, fumaric acid, effervescent granule, dry granulation
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. against acne-inducing bacteria
Get PDFThe antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. was tested against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, pathogenic bacteria that cause acne. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by dilution methods. MIC and MBC of ethanol leaves extract were found for P. acnes (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL), S. aureus (5 and 10 mg/mL) and S. epidermidis (2.5 and 5 mg/mL). While MIC and MBC of ethanol bulbs extract were found for P. acnes (7.5 and 15 mg/mL), S. aureus (7.5 and 15 mg/mL) and S. epidermidis (3.75 and 7.5 mg/mL). Further study conducted on the ethanol leaves extract against P. acnes to analyze cell leakage (nucleic acid and protein) by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, metal ion (K+ and Ca2+) by atomic absorption spectrometry, and observed alteration of the cell wall by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that ethanol leaves extract could damage the cell wall and affect the permeability of cell membrane which marked by release of nucleic acid (absorbance 0.3307-0.4299), protein (absorbance 0.0616-0.101), ion K+ (8.167-15.757 mg/mL), ion Ca2+ (5.47-13.74 mg/L) from the cell and alter morphology of cell wall of P. acnes.Key words: Antibacterial, Crinum asiaticum L., Propionibacterium acne
Freeze drying and calcining hydrotalcite for improving acid neutralizing capacity
Get PDFAcid neutralizing capacity (ANC) is one of the important factor on effectivity determination of antacid dosage forms. Antacid dosage forms have different values depend on their ANC. The objective of this research was to modified physical and chemical properties of hydrotalcite which can increase its acid neutralization capacity. Hydrotalcite was treated by freeze drying and calcination at different temperature 100, 200, 300, and 500°C. This hydrotalcite was characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); and was determined acid neutralization capacity. The results showed that acid neutralization capacity of hydrotalcite increased after it was freeze dried and calcined at 200, 300 and 500 °C. The result of XRD for the hydrotalcite calcined at 200 °C have showed the lower intensity of peaks, whereas the calcination at 300 and 500 °C were disappeared and appeared new peaks at different 2θ.Key words: Acid neutralization capacity, hydrotalcite, calcination, XRD, SE