Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
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In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bamboo Tali Leaf (Gigantochloa apus) Ethanol Extract
Get PDFInflammation is a physiological process that serves as a defense mechanism for the body against foreign substances, bacteria, or irritants. Inflammation can be cured with anti-inflammatory drugs. One of the plants that has the potential to be an anti-inflammatory agent is the bamboo leaf. This research aims to analyze the content of secondary metabolites, determine the inhibition value and IC50 value of the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves. Bamboo tali leaves were macerated using 96% ethanol and subjected to phytochemical screening. The extract was then tested for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro with the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein denaturation inhibition method. Bamboo tali leaf ethanol extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenols. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves with concentrations of 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 ppm had an inhibition percentage value of 23.14 ± 0.008%; 34.30 0.026%; 54.51 0.060%; 69.07 ± 0.006%; and 87.02 ± 0.021% with an IC50 value of 52.991 ppm. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves has the potential to be an anti-inflammatory with a strong IC50 value below 100 ppm
Weed Community Structure in Patia Village Rice Fields Patia Sub-District, Pandeglang Regency
Get PDFRice is a very important type of food crop because it is a staple food source. Crop losses at the farmer level due to competition with weeds reach 10-1.5%. This study aims to determine the structure of rice weed communities in rice fields in Patia Village, Patia District, and Pandeglang Regency. The research method uses an observation method with the sampling technique used as a random method. The plot used was 2 m x 2 m. Weed sampling was carried out by recording the types of weed types and counting the number of individuals of each species. Measurements of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, pH, and light intensity were measured. The data parameters measured include the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), evenness index (J'), dominance index (D), wealth index (S), and abundance of rice weed species. The results of the study were that the types of rice weeds found in the rice fields of Patia Village, District, and Patia, Pandeglang Regency, namely Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq) Raven, Commanded cylindricaL. Beauv, Spigelia anthelmia, Ageratum conyzoides, Spihemoclea zeylanica, Altemanthera sessillis, Eclipta prostate, Cypress deformed L., Digitaria sp. and Mimosa chaste L. The structure of the weed community in the rice fields of Patia Village, Patia District, Pandeglang Regency is the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') of 1.94; Evenness Index (J') of 0.884; Dominance Index (D) of 0.15
Investigating the Insecticidal Properties of Alangium salviifolium Root Extracts on Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoe
Get PDFThis study evaluated the effectiveness of successive hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts of Alangium salviifolium roots in combating mosquito-borne diseases caused by Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoe in India. The hexane extract showed the highest efficacy with LC50 values of 105.0 ppm (larvicidal activity), 108.0 ppm (pupicidal activity), and 65.6 ppm (ovicidal activity). The chloroform extract had LC50 values of 156.8 ppm (larvicidal), 376.0 ppm (pupicidal), and 20.0 ppm (ovicidal), while the methanol extract had LC50 values of 235.7 ppm (larvicidal), 441.8 ppm (pupicidal), and 30.4 ppm (ovicidal). The hexane extract of A. salviifolium roots shows potential as a mosquito control agent, specifically against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Further studies are needed to assess the safety and effectiveness of this extract. This research highlights the potential of plant extracts as alternative mosquito control agents for mitigating mosquito-borne diseases in India
Antihypertensive Drugs Therapy in Hypertension and Covid-19 Comorbidity
Get PDFThe novel coronavirus (CoV) severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 outbreak began at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread to over 200 countries. Many comorbidities have shown to be associated with the severity of the viral infection with hypertension being one of the highest rated comorbidities since loss of the ACE2 receptor due to SARS-Cov-2 infection can lead to increased blood pressure. The effects and clinical characteristics associated with the use of beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and calcium-channel blockers (CCB) shows not to affect the outcome of covid-19, except in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) which may have negative outcomes on covid-19 infected patients. Many comorbidities have shown to be associated with the severity of the viral infection
Proximate Composition, Levels of Some Essential Mineral Elements and Anti-Nutritional Components of Some Yam Species Found in Minna, Niger State
Get PDFSamples of Dioscorea dumenturom, Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea cayenensis were investigated for their proximate composition, anti-nutritional and mineral contents using standard analytical methods. These varieties of Dioscorea analysed showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) amongst them. However, from the results, it was observed that Dioscorea rotundata had the highest ash (8.05±0.05 %) and crude fibre content (13.11±0.10 %) which indicates that it contains more mineral stuffing and is best for softening of stool. Dioscorea cayenensis had the highest fat content (16.31±0.30 %), indicating that it is a better source of calories than other yam species analysed. Dioscorea dumenturom had the lowest moisture content (3.51±0.01 %) as well as the highest crude protein (12.29±0.01 %) and carbohydrates (69.04±0.10 %) than other yam species analysed, indicating its longer shelf-life, high bodybuilding capacity and better source of energy than other yam species analysed. The anti-nutritional constituent of alkaloid and tannin were lowest in Dioscorea cayenensis while Dioscorea rotundata had the least cyanide, phytate and oxalate content. This implies that these particular yams are safer for consumption. The elemental analysis in mg/100g indicated that the yam species contained appreciable levels of essential minerals, with Dioscorea dumenturom having the highest sodium, calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorous and magnesium concentration of 32.05±0.07 mg/100g,190.57±0.01mg/100g, 5.98±0.03 mg/100g, 80.12±0.17 mg/100g, 237.10±0.48 mg/100g and 100.22±0.03 mg/100g respectively. All these mineral concentrations exist within the permissible limit of WHO and hence indicate that the yam species can serve as a good source of minerals
Spermicidal, Antifertility and Contraceptive Effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Seed Extract in Female and Male Wistar Rats
Get PDFThis study investigates the spermicidal and contraceptive effect of Azadirachta indica seed aqueous extract in male and female Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n=6), graded doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of the extract. They were exposed to female rats in a ratio of 2:1 after 24 hours, 7, and 14 days of administration. The spermicidal properties were evaluated. The female contraceptive study involved 14 days of pre-coital and post-coital administration of the neem seed extract, and contraceptive indexes were investigated. The results obtained from the spermicidal activity showed a significant decrease in male hormonal levels at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg of A. indica (0.73, 0.50, and 1.08 ng/ml); and the sperm cells (102.5, 111.5, and 97 counts) after 24 hours. Administration and mating, compared to the control. Also, the histopathology of the testes showed normal testicles. The contraceptive study elicited a significant decrease in estrogen (1.46 ng/ml), luteinizing hormone (0.094 mg/dl) µand progesterone (1.82 ng/ml), at 5 mg/kg in day 14 post-coital study compared with the control. The histopathology of the treated uterus had no deteriorating effect compared with the control. The extract elicited spermicidal and contraceptive potential at a reduced dose, validating its folklore claim
Potential Antimalarial Activity of Artemether/Lumefantrine/Doxycycline: A Study in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei
Get PDFAntimalarial drug resistance is one of the greatest challenges towards eradicating malaria. Exploring new combination therapies can overcome resistance challenges. The present study examined the antiplasmodial effect of artemether/lumefantrine/doxycycline (A/L/D) on a mouse model infected with Plasmodium berghei. Adult Swiss albino mice (22-30g) intraperitoneally infected with blood containing 1x107 Plasmodium berghei were randomly grouped and orally treated daily with D (2.2 mg/kg), A/L (1.71/13.7 mg/kg) and A/L/D. The negative control was treated daily with normal saline (0.2ml) whereas the positive control was treated daily with chloroquine (CQ) (10mg/kg). After treatment, blood samples were assessed for percentage parasitemia and biochemical parameters. Mice were observed for mean survival time (MST). D, A/L and A/L/D produced significant decreases in percentage parasitemia levels at p<0.05; p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to negative control. In the curative test, D, A/L and A/L/D produced 60.4%, 70.3%, and 90.0% parasitemia inhibitions, respectively whereas CQ produced 76.0% parasitemia inhibition. D, A/L, A/L/D and CQ produced 63.2 %, 80.1%, 92.3% and 83.6% parasitemia inhibitions, respectively in the suppressive test. D, A/L, and A/L/D prevented Plasmodium berghei-induced alterations in biochemical parameters by increasing packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and high-density lipoprotein and decreasing white blood cells, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels significantly at p<0.05 and p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to the negative control. A/L/D produced significant antiplasmodial activity therefore, it may be used clinically for the treatment of malaria
The Antiviral Potential of Iranian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP) on Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV): A Review Article
Get PDFHerpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) viruses are highly contagious that commonly cause dermatitis, encephalitis, meningitis and genitourinary infections and also can lead to cervical cancer. For treatment of HSV infections, several physical methods and antiviral drugs are introduced, antiviral medications can also prevent or reduce outbreaks. The use of herbal medicine with antiviral effects attracted worldwide attentions. The aim of this review article is to introduce the Iranian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP) with antiviral potential against two HSV serotypes and help to evaluate and develop the new drugs from natural sources. To provide this review, relevant articles in some authentic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and SID (scientific information database), from 1967 to April 2022 were collected, and selected botanicals from (IHP) with their scientific names and classifications and their outcome (CC50 and IC50) were introduced. In this review, scientific data regarding anti-herpetic activities of Iranian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP) showed that 34 herbs from 17 families have antiviral potential to inhibit two HSV serotypes. According to families, Lamiaceae family has the highest percentage (29.41 %) of plants with antiviral activity against two HSV serotypes, also review of recent data showed that Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Securigera Securidaca, Hyssopus officinalis, Quercus brantii, Artemisia aucheri and Curcuma longa have remarkable antiviral activity against two HSV serotypes. Results of this review suggest that further research to identify and purify the bioactive compounds to determine the molecular mechanisms of action is needed
Co-Existent Hypertension with Diabetes Mellitus Exacerbates Renal Dysfunctions
Get PDFHypertension as well as diabetes mellitus has been reported to be a major risk factor for deteriorating kidney functions. However, there is paucity of reports on renal functions in a co-existence of hypertension and diabetic condition, hence, this study evaluates renal functions in hypertensive and diabetic co-morbidity. Participants were categorised into healthy, hypertension, diabetes and hypertension with diabetes group. Blood pressure was measured as well as fasting blood glucose and blood samples were collected from each participant to assay renal function indices. The results showed that there was substantial uraemia as well as a significant reduction glomerular filtration rate in co-morbid hypertension and diabetic patients. Fasting blood glucose and mean arterial blood pressure were considerably elevated while creatinine concentration was not significantly altered in comorbid hypertension and diabetic patients. This study revealed that co-existence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus exacerbated renal dysfunction comparatively to hypertension and diabetes mellitus
The Weight Performance Stability of Mice on Modeling Obesity-Associated Hyperglycemia Induced by Dextrose Monohydrate
Get PDFPreviously, streptozotocin and alloxan were employed to imitate hyperglycemia in mice. High doses of sucrose were also induced as an alternative. Due to body mass index has been associated with hyperglycemia, the evidence of weight body index in various induction alternate kinds, however, have not been fully reported. Here-in, we report on the weight performance stability of mice body weight induced by dextrose, streptozotocin, and alloxan. To begin, all mice were divided into six groups of five, with one reserve in each. Following seven days of acclimatization, the mice were induced for nine days of hyperglycemia modeling; alloxan (Groups A and D), streptozotocin (Group B and E), dextrose monohydrate (Groups C and F). On preclinical research animals modelling related to obesity-associated hyperglycemia in mice, dextrose monohydrate induction was most successful than streptozocotin and alloxan induction, which performed best during the induction period (31% weight growth) and after metformin intervention (36% weight growth). Overall, dextrose monohydrate is most suitable to be used for modeling type 2 diabetes mellitus test animals rather than alloxan and streptozocotin