Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
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Prevalence and Biofilm-forming Potentials of Bacterial Uropathogens Among Primary School Pupils in Yola North, Adamawa State
Get PDFThis investigation aimed to determine the prevalence and biofilm-forming potentials of bacterial uropathogenic among primary school pupils in Yola North, Adamawa State. A total of 120 clean mid-stream urine samples were collected from apparently healthy children to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated pathogen by the Kirby and Bauer disc diffusion method while the biofilm-forming potential by the standard methods. The result showed 26 % of the samples had significant bacteria growth with the Gram-negative as the highest. The infectivity pattern among the age group showed 8-10 had the highest infectivity percentage (35%) followed by 5-7 and 11-13 with 22.5% and 20% respectively. Six bacteria pathogens were isolated which are E. coli (41.9%) which is the most prevalent isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus (29.0%), Pseudomonas sp. (9.7%), Klebsiella sp. (9.7%), Enterobacter sp. (6.5%), Proteus sp. (3.3%). The antibiotic sensitivity test showed an alarming resistance level to nearly all the tested antibiotics showing multi-drug resistant strains. The Biofilm-forming potentials depict E. coli with the strongest potential followed by S. aureus. A high occurrence of asymptomatic UTIs and antimicrobial resistance observed poses a public health concern. Thus, routine diagnostic exercise is recommended for early detection and prompt treatment of the pathogens
Effects of Processing on the Proximate Composition, Mineral Content and the Phytochemical Analysis of Groundnut Seeds (Arachis hypogeae)
Get PDFEffect of processing on the nutritional composition of groundnut seeds were carried out using standard analytical methods. Raw, boiled and fried groundnut seeds were analyzed for proximate composition, mineral contents, and phytochemical screening. The result reported that the raw, boiled, and fried contains (5.357±0.190%, 4.545±0.050% and 3.896±0.015%, moisture contents), (2.401±0.011%, 3.225±0.004% and 2.816±0.001%, ash contents), (46.591±0.001%, 25.333±0.003% and 48.012±0.953%, crude fat), (4.126±0.887%, 15.001±0.030% and 7.692±0.002%, crude fibre), (19.520±0.040%, 21.580±0.040% and 23.540±0.000%, crude protein), (22.005±0.587%, 30.316±0.056% and 14.044±0.939%, carbohydrate) respectively. A significant difference was observed. Processing has significant effects on the mineral components of the seeds. The results revealed that raw, boiled and fried contains (56.900mg/100g, 48.400mg/100g and 35.00mg/100g Sodium), (0.215mg/100g, 0.185mg/100g and 0.540mg/100g Zinc), (65.500mg/100g, 42.700mg/100g and 25.500mg/100g Magnesium), (0.218mg/100g, 0.230mg/100g and 0.230mg/100g Iron), (0.250mg/100g, 0.110mg/100g and 0.100mg/100g Manganese). The phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and proteins in all the samples and the result reveals that processing does not really have effect on phytochemical constituents. The investigation shows that fresh groundnut is a good source of mineral content, while raw and processed groundnut is a good source of some phytochemical constituents and processed groundnut is a good source of protein, fat, and carbohydrate with high nutritional value
The Effect of Tapioca Flour and Bogor Taro Flour (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) Formulations on the Chemical, Physical, and Sensory Characteristics of Catfish Sausage (Pangasius hypophtalmus)
Get PDFThis study was aimed to determine the effect of tapioca flour and Bogor taro flour formulation on the chemical, physical, and sensory characteristics of catfish sausage and to determine the best formulation. This study was arranged in a Randomized Complete Group Design (RCGD) with a single factor of tapioca flour and Bogor taro flour formulation with 6 treatments P1 (100%:0%), P2 (80%:20%), P3 (60%:40%), P4 (40%:60%), P5 (20%:80%), and P6 (0%:100%) with 4 replications. Data were tested for equality of variance with Barlett's test and data saturation with Tuckey's test. The data were analyzed for variance to determine the effect between treatments, then further analyzed using the HSD test at the 5% level. The results showed that the formulation of tapioca flour and Bogor taro flour had a very significant on water content, ash content, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, appearance, and overall acceptance but no effect on the taste and aroma of catfish sausage. P5 was the best treatment with a water content of 52.08%, ash content of 1.55%, hardness of 270.75 gf, springiness of 10.03 mm, cohesiveness of 0.83, appearance of 2.93 (slightly dull), taste of 3.87 (typical of fish), aroma of 3.87 (typical of fish), overall acceptance of 3.88 (like), protein content of 15.61%, and fat content of 4.29%
Utilization of Maggot Larvae (Hermetia illucens) for Processing Food Waste at the UIN Raden Intan Lampung Canteen
Get PDFWaste management using maggot larvae (Hermetia illucens) can be an innovative strategy for reducing organic waste. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of maggot larvae in processing organic waste at the UIN Raden Intan Lampung Canteen. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) technique with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The observed parameters were duration, residue, and maggot weight. The organic waste used included vegetables, fruits, rice, and bones. The results showed that for bone and rice waste, maggots were able to reduce waste by 80%, producing an average residue of 141.3 grams with a decomposition duration of 515 minutes and a final maggot weight of 320.67 grams. For fruit and vegetable waste, maggots reduced waste by 58%, producing an average residue of 293 grams with a decomposition duration of 395 minutes and a final maggot weight of 560.33 grams. For mixed waste, maggots reduced waste by 81% with a decomposition duration of 496.6 minutes and a final maggot weight of 430.3 grams
Effect of Trichosanthes cucumerina Methanol Extract on CRP and Fibrinogen Levels in Diabetic Ulcer Rat Models
Get PDFDiabetic ulcers can be fatal for people with long-term diabetes. This is caused by the spread of diabetic ulcers and inadequate care for the wound, which can induce an infection and even death. This study aims to determine inflammatory markers, specifically fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein (CRP), as indicators of healing, particularly in a rat model of diabetic ulcers treated with Trichosanthes cucumerina methanol extract. The methods used were making extracts, measuring blood glucose levels, measuring CRP, and measuring fibrinogen levels in 25 male Wistar rats. Based on the results of glucose and fibrinogen examinations in all groups before treatment and after treatment, it showed a decrease in glucose and fibrinogen levels. Meanwhile, the results of CRP examinations, before and after treatment did not show any differences. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference of p<0.05 in pre and post glucose, as well as pre and post fibrinogen.The extract that reduced fibrinogen levels the most was group 3 with 500 mg/KgBW. Meanwhile, CRP levels before and after treatment did not show a decrease
Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract Clove Leaves (Syzygium aromaticum) In Inhibiting Biofilm of Candida Albicans ATCC 14053
Get PDFCandida albicans is the most common type of Candida. It is a normal microbiota in the healthy human body that can become pathogenic when its balance is disturbed, causing an infection referred to as candidiasis. Antifungal resistance to biofilms is estimated to be 10,000 times that in planktonic form. Clove leaves (Syzygium aromatium) can treat infectious diseases, including candidiasis. This study aimed to analyze whether the ethanol extract of clove leaves (S. aromaticum) destroys the biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 14053. The research designwas pure experimental with a post test control group only design approach. The extraction method used was maceration. Test antibiofilm activity of ethanol extract of clove leaves using microtiter plate biofilm assay method. Measurement of results with a microplate reader was carried out using a wavelength of 595nm in accordance by the wavelength of crystal violet used as a colouring agent. The results showed that ethanol extract of clove leaves (S. aromaticum) has significant effectiveness against the maturation of C. albicans biofilm (p<0.05) with the highest percentage of activity at 20% concentration. The MBEC50 was determined by probit analysis, so the concentration of clove leaf ethanol extract (S. aromaticum) that can eradicate 50% of C. albicans biofilm is located at a concentration of 0.45%. The clinical benefits that can be developed from the results of this study are the potential use of clove leaf ethanol extract as an alternative therapy for C. albicans infection in the form of soap or ointment
The Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products against Aluminium Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Update
Get PDFAlzheimer's disease currently affects more than 35 million individuals worldwide. Aluminium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cognitive disorders. Meanwhile, aluminium chloride (AlCl3) has a significant impact on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The majority of Alzheimer's disease medications now on the market are cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the effectiveness of these drugs is limited because they can't totally arrest the progression of the disease. The utilization of medicinal plants and natural products may present excellent prospective options for Alzheimer's disease prevention and therapy. This study summarized medicinal plants and natural products for the prevention and treatment of AlCl3-induced Alzheimer's disease as an alternative therapy using published data in the literature from the years 2021-2023. The medicinal plants and natural products help to reduce Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by controlling different pathways and could be used as a therapeutic agent against the symptoms. The majority of the medicinal plants and natural products discussed in this review have been shown to have neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, anti-apoptotic, and therapeutic actions. Therefore, medicinal plants and natural products may offer neuroprotective and therapeutic effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Comparison of Interleukin-1b-511 C/T Polymorphism in Schizophrenia of Batak and Minangkabau Ethnicities in Pematang Siantar
Get PDFThis research is an overview of a comparative study on the Interleukin-1β-511 C/T polymorphism in individuals with schizophrenia of Batak and Minangkabau ethnicities in Pematang Siantar, Indonesia. The study aims to investigate genetic differences among these ethnic groups to better understand susceptibility to schizophrenia, which is influenced by multiple factors including genetics. The research uses a comparative categorical analytic approach with a cross-sectional method and involves DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) examinations. Based on the results, significant demographic differences between the Batak and Minangkabau ethnic groups, particularly in gender distribution, age, onset of illness, duration of illness, and PANSS scores. Notably, it finds a significant difference in the occurrence of the C allele and the T allele between the two ethnic groups, with the C allele being more prevalent in the Minangkabau group and the T allele more so in the Batak group. This suggests that the IL-1β -511 C/T polymorphism may play a differential role in the susceptibility to schizophrenia among these ethnicities, indicating a potential for ethnic-specific risk factors or protective elements
Antibacterial Activity Testing Propionibacterium acnes Combination of 70% Ethanol Extract of Starfruit Leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) and Jarak Pagar Leaves (Jatropha curcas L.)
Get PDFAcne is an inflammation accompanied by blockage of oil gland ducts that gather and cause blackheads. The onset of acne can be caused by the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. Flavonoid compounds and tannins contained in star fruit leaves and jatropha leaves can be used as antibacterials. Both extracts from the plant can be combined to achieve antibacterial effects that can be used as an alternative to acne treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of star fruit leaf extract and jatropha leaf and determine the optimal concentration resulting from the antibacterial activity of the extract combination. The method used is experimental and antibacterial tests in vitro. The results of antibacterial tests on the combination of jatropha leaf extract and star fruit leaf extract against P. acnes had the most optimal average inhibitory zone of 9,642 mm with a ratio of 1:2 at a concentration of 10%
Anti –Inflammatory Activity of Propolis Trigona sp. Water Extract from North Lombok with Red Blood Cell Membrane Stability Method
Get PDFPropolis is a bee product that can be used as an anti-inflammatory. Cultivation of propolis-producing bees is also carried out in North Lombok. However, propolis has not been utilized optimally by the people of North Lombok. Apart from that, testing of North Lombok propolis is still limited to the chemical content and antioxidant activity of propolis extracted with ethanol solvent. Therefore, this study aims to determine the activity and effective concentration of North Lombok propolis water extract as an anti-inflammatory using the red blood cell membrane stability method. Groups include control groups such as positive control (diclofenac sodium), negative control (distilled water), and test groups (propolis water extract concentrations of 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, and 30%). In The first step human blood was centrifuged of human blood, and then part of the red blood cells (sediment) was taken and saline was added to obtain a red blood cell suspension. Next, mixing the test solution was carried out in the order of 0.5 ml of red blood cell suspension, then 0.5 ml of extract was added (0.1% w/v Na-diclofenac solution in the positive control, distilled water in the negative control), 1 mL of buffer solution and 2 mL of hyposaline solution, then homogenized. Each group was incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. The supernatant was taken, and the absorbance was read with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 560 nm. Next, the percentage value of red blood cell hemolysis protection was calculated. The data obtained were tested statistically using One-way ANOVA and post-hoc (LSD) tests SPSS version 29. The results showed that propolis water extract concentrations were 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, and 30% have anti-inflammatory activity because they can increase the stability of the red blood cell membrane with a percentage of hemolysis protection of respectively 57.92%, 59.99%, 60.99%, 61.99%, 64.31%, 69.59%, 75.07%, 79.77% and 84.45%. Propolis water extract concentrations of 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, and 25% had anti-inflammatory effects that were not significantly different from the positive control (p>0.05). The 27.5 % and 30% concentrations had a higher percent hemolysis protection value than the positive control (p<0.05)