Jurnal Teknik Kimia
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ALGAE SPIRULINA SP. OIL EXTRACTION METHOD USING THE OSMOTIC AND PERCOLATION AND THE EFFECT ON EXTRACTABLE COMPONENTS
Get PDFAlga dipandang sebagai bahan baku baru yang berpotensi menghasilkan minyak dengan jumlah yang cukup besar. Selain itu, minyak alga tidak bersaing sebagai komoditi pangan. Spirulina Sp. atau ganggang hijau-biru dipilih dikarenakan waktu panennya sangat singkat dan memiliki kandungan lipid cukup tinggi dibandingkan dengan jenis alga yang lain. Selain itu karakteristik kondisi lingkungan tempat hidup Spirulina Sp. sesuai dengan kondisi cuaca di Indonesia, yaitu pH cenderung basa, suhu 20-40oC. Metode osmotik dipilih mengingat Spirulina Sp. adalah makhluk hidup mikrokopis multi sel yang memiliki membran semipermiabel yang rentan terhadap perubahan tekanan osmotik. Asam klorida dipilih sebagai pelarut karena kedua jenis larutan diatas memiliki tekanan osmotik cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dengan mudah merusak membran semipermiabel yang ada. Metode perkolasi juga dipilih sebagai salah satu metode pembanding, dimana metode ini banyak digunakan sebagai metode rujukan untuk merecovery senyawa-senyawa atsiri bernilai tinggi dibidang farmasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi minyak alga dengan pelarut etanol (99,8%) (77,236%-berat) memberi yield minyak lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pelarut HCl 5 M (71,218%-berat). Semakin banyak volume pelarut yang digunakan, semakin lama waktu pengadukan, dan semakin tinggi molaritas larutan maka semakin meningkat perolehan yield minyak. Kadar air pada fase hidroalkoholik dan waktu perendaman mempengaruhi perolehan yield minyak untuk pelarut etanol (99,8%). Kadar air 37,63% pada fase hidroalkoholik memberi yield minyak sebesar 76,584%-berat.Jenis pelarut yang digunakan turut mempengaruhi komposisi komponen-komponen terekstrak, khususnya FA, MG, GD, dan TG, dan komponen zat warna Spirulina Sp. yang terekstrak. Keywords :Alga; Ekstraksi; Osmotik; Perkolasi; Spirulina Sp.; Minyak alga.
EKSTRAKSI KARAGINAN DARI RUMPUT LAUT (Eucheuma spinosum) DENGAN VARIASI SUHU PELARUT DAN WAKTU OPERASI
Get PDFOne type of seaweed that has good potential and often found in the waters of Indonesia is Eucheuma spinosum (including red algae) which can produce karaginan. Karaginan is a complex mixture from several polysaccharides. In this study, aiming to get the best extraction time and temperature in the product of karaginan from Eucheuma spinosum. Variables used, extraction temperature: 60, 70, 80, 90 (0C) and extraction time: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 hours. The solvent used, is water and the extraction pH is 8, the ratio of solids solvent: 1: 20 (= 30 g of seaweed: water = 600 mL). From the research results obtained the best persetage of yield at the time 2.5 hours and the temperature 90 ° C, at which in extracted karaginan this condition have yield of 33.0080%. Keywords : Carrageenan, Eucheuma spinosum, Extractio
DATA KESETIMBANGAN UAP-AIR DAN ETHANOL-AIR DARI HASIL FERMENTASI RUMPUT GAJAH
Get PDFThe high purity of ethanol (Pro Analitic) commonly used for row material to get the VLE Value, but the research used the technical ethanol that from distillation of the product bulrush fermentation. The research purpose to find the value of VLE on the binary system ethanol-water. Then the result compared with literature. Still othmer glass was used as main device and the row material from high purify ethanol (PA) and moderate. Moderate Purity ethanol (Technical ethanol). These row material combine with various composition are 0; 0,2 ; 0,4 ; 0,6 ; 0,8 ; 1 (mole Fraction) and constant pressure 300 bar. Next, the product was analyzed by spectrophotometer pharo 100. Then the result was compared with literature value and show that the value close to the literature value. From the VLE curve show that the azeotropic point in the composition of ethanol 0,98 (molefraction) Keywords : Azeotropes, azeotropic point, bulrush, VLE on the binary system ethanol-water
ON THE CALCULATION OF GAS DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION BY UTILIZING TIME DEPENDENT TEMPERATURE
Get PDFThe method for determining gas distribution function is reconstructed. In this study, theBoltzmann equation is bypassed by converse method. The temperature change is specified first inorder to determine the distribution function. The argument of this method is explained both byanalytically solving Bolztmann equation and pure probabilistic consideration in statisticalthermodynamics. Boltzmann equation is solved by modeling collision terms with severalassumptions and It is found that the results are similar. On the other hand, probabilistic methodgives no rigorous physical understanding so it offer several justifications about the resultingdistribution function. The calculation shows that the distribution function is totally Maxwellian inall cases. The temperature dependency only affects the peak value and the shape curve. It is foundthat more slender curve is resulted in higher temperature and quick sampling data is required toprobe the rapidly change temperature processes.Key words : Boltzmann equation, modeling collision, probabilistic method, the distributionfunctio
HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE CHARACTERISTICS AS FILTRATION MEDIA IN LIQUID WASTE PROCESSING WITH ACTIVATED MUD
Get PDFApplication of submerged membrane bioreactor (BRMt) has advantages over external BRMin the treatment of domestic wastewater, namely in terms of operating energy and membranefouling BRMt proper tank design can minimize fouling and extend the operating time of themembrane. Installation bafel can create a circulation flow of water between the wall andmembrane bioreactor (water lift-type reactor). It is intended to create the shear velocity (shearrate) is high on the membrane surface so that the pile of material on the membrane apart andlowering the hydraulic resistance of fouling layer. Flux on the external BRM BRMt and reachedsteady state, takes less than 60 minutes. This was achieved at 0.1333 bar TMP which is also thebest operating pressure on BRMt, while the optimum TMP on external BRM obtained at 1.45 bar.To obtain a high flux and stable in the long term, the operation of the membrane at BRMt usingaeration rate 12 l / minute with a close distance baffle membranes or 7.5 cm from the wall of thetank to increase the shear rate can reduce the occurrence of fouling.Key words: BRMt, bafel, shear rate, MLSS, filtratio
PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS BAWANG MERAH GORENG INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA
No full textBawang merah dikenal sebagai sayuran rempah, banyak digunakan sebagai pelengkap bumbu masakanguna menambah cita rasa dan kenikmatan makanan dan juga berkasiat sebagai obat untuk kesehatan.Untuk pembuatan bawang merah goreng diperlukan persyaratan higienis dan memiliki daya simpan tinggi.Masalah yang sering timbul dalam pembuatan bawang merah goreng tersebut adalah masalah ketengikanyang dapat merusak rasa, bau, & warna.Untuk meningkatkan daya simpan yang tinggi terhadap bawang merah, maka perlu dilakukan pengolahanbawang merah dengan cara penambahan zat antioksidan berupa campuran BHT : asam sitrat, dan kunyit.Metode Taguchi merupakan pengendalian kualitas yang preventif di mana daur hidup produk perbaikandilakukan pada tahap awal untuk menghasilkan produk yang bermutu.Tujuan Penelitian adalah, untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap ketengikan daribawang goreng.Dari analisa diperoleh ; faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap rata-rata angka peroksida yaitu, suhudengan level optimal 1800C, komposisi BHT : Asam Sitrat dengan level optimal 4:1, kunyit dengan leveloptimal 0,7%, interaksi antara suhu level optimal 1900C dan komposisi BHT : Asam Sitrat level optimal2:1, serta interaksi antara suhu level optimal 1800C dan kunyit level optimal 0,7%. Faktor yangmemberikan persen kontribusi terbesar, baik pada rata-rata angka peroksida maupun variabilitas angkaperoksida adalah faktor suhu.Kata kunci ; Bawang Merah, Angka Peroksid
PROSES PERENGKAHAN ASAM OLEAT BASIS MINYAK SAWIT MENJADI FRAKSI GASOLINE
Get PDFMany kinds of new energy resources which are renewable and dependable come from various kinds of vegetable oil, thus it can substitute petroleum oil which people usually use.Oil palm oil is quite advantageous to be used as an alternative energy resources in Indonesia, since Indonesia is the world’s second largest producer of oil palm oil. Fuel made from oil palm oil has been researched and is more friendly to environment, because it has less polution potential when used, since it’s free from sulphur andnitrogen. Oil palm oil has long hydrocarbon chain which makes it possible to be used as vegetable fuel.The aim of this research is : to learn the influence of temperature and flow velocity of N2 gas on catalytic splitting of oil palm oil-based oleat acid into kerosene fraction.Spliting process of oil palm oil-based oleat acid is done in steady woodpile micro reactor at varioustemperatures and flow velocities of feed at 1 atm pressure. The result of the splitting process is analyzed with FID chromatography gas with Q poraplot column type, for liquid phase product. Research is done by heating oleat acid in feed tank until 360°C temperature and reactor at 370-500°C temperature, and N2 gas is flowed into tank as carrier gas with 90-180 ml/minute flow velocity. Oleat acid steam and N2 gas flow into steady woodpilereactor which is coated with heater element and is filled with 0.6 gram catalyst. Spitting reaction is done for 75minutes. Bound time limit for kerosene fraction as shown by chromatogram is 12.6-17.5 minutes, anaylisis result for commercial kerosene for 450°C temperature and flow velocity of N2 gas 155.28 ml/minutes from fractionarea percentage chromatogram, kerosene fraction is 27.2645%. Keywords: palm oil, kerosene fraction, fixed reactor.
ABSORPTION CO2 GAS USING MONOETHANOLAMINE
Get PDFThe air on an area of solid industry, having a level pollution that high . it is muchcaused the process of combustion done by most of the industry , whereby on the process ofcombustion will be produced a gas of dioxide carbon ( CO2 ) that edangers . Hence , requireda method to depress figures pollution resulting from the womb overgrowth CO2 in the air the ,one of them is with the process of absorption .CO2 absorption process usingmonoethanolamine (MEA) performed in a packed column absorber aims to determine the priceof overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient of the gas phase to the variable operation andknow the value of the interfacial area per unit volume packing (a) of the price of the coefficientvolumetric mass transfer. CO2 gas flowing to the packed column using MEA as a solvent. Theresults are overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient of the gas phase, KGa the greater therate of CO2 gas at a constant flow rate of MEA and its getting bigger. Likewise, under the sameconditions, the price of interfacial area per unit volume will increase packing. But at aconstant rate of MEA with greater gas flow rate of CO2 will cause the overall mass transfercoefficient of the gas phase, KGa decreases. While at the greater concentration of MEAsolution will cause the KGa is increasing. The interfacial area per unit volume packing is notaffected by changes in gas flow rate and concentration of MEA.Key words: Absorption of CO2,, Monoethanolamine, overall volumetric mass transfercoefficient of gas phase, interfacial area per unit volume packin
KAJIAN PENGARUH FOULING PADA PEMURNIAN NIRA TEBU
Get PDFPemurnian nira tebu merupakan awal dari proses produksi di industri gula. Tujuan dari pemurnian nira ini adalah untuk menghilangkan kandungan TSS (Total Suspended Solid) dari nira. Penelitian ini menggunakan proses ultrafiltrasi dalam memisahkan TSS yang terkandung dalam nira tebu. Salah satu faktor utama yang membatasi proses ultrafiltrasi pada berbagai aplikasi adalah fouling pada membran. Fouling pada membran sendiri sering diindikasikan sebagai penurunan fluks. Pada penelitian inidihitungnya besarnya fluks yang terjadi pada proses pemurnian nira tebu dengan berbagai tekanan operasi.Ternyata penurunan fluks secara drastis terjadi pada menit-menit awal operasi (menit 10-60), yang kemudian diikuti dengan nilai fluks yang konstan. Hal ini terjadi karena pori-pori membran yang semula kosong kemudian tertutupi oleh TSS yang tersaring. Cane sugar juice purification is the beginning of production process in sugar Industry. The aim oh this investigation is to remove the amount of TSS of cane sugar juice. This research uses Ultrafiltration process in separating the TSS in cane sugar juice. One of the main factor tha limit the Ultrafiltration process at various application is fouling on membrane. Fouling on membrane itself is commonly indicated which happen at cane sugar juice purification process with various operation process is counted.Drastic reduction of fluxes happen at the early minutes of operation (minutes 10 – 60), which is followed by constant fluxes amount. This happens because the pores of the membrane which was empty at the beginning become closed with filtrated TSS
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY BIOGAS FROM CHOCOLATE PEEL
Get PDFThe development of alternative energy fuel technology at present many are produced from biologicalresources, eg the manufacture of biodiesel and biodiesel as a fuel substitute for gasoline. This aims to obtainbiogas that can be used as alternative energy and find operating conditions that produce appropriate levelsof CH4 in the standard Indonesian. The first stage is done by preparing 1 liter of raw materials ie brown rindand water are then mixed with a starter (cow dung) 10% of the volume of raw materials and the addition ofyeast and grass after it is mixed until blended. Then put into containers / bottles that have been fitted hose,water manometer, and the gas holder. The research was done in stages with the conditions that you run.Variables that run is a comparison of raw material (1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2; 1.5:1; 2:1), observation time (5 days, 10days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 30 days), and the variable addition of grass (50 gr, 100 gr, 150 gr, 200 gr).From the results of this study found the greatest level of 74.22% in comparison 1 (water): 1.5 (brown skin)with the addition of 150 g of grass while low levels of 60.04% in comparison 2 (water): 1 (brown skin ) withthe addition of 200 g of grass, the results of this study meets the National Standards of Indonesia.Key words: Biogas, grass, yeas