Jurnal Teknik Kimia
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ETANOL PRODUCTION FROM MENGKUDU FRUIT
Get PDFMengkudu represent all purpose crop, there is many product that could be developed fromroot, bar, leaf, and also it’s fruit. The mengkudu’s fruit have carbohydrate content as much as 51,67gr. With the existence of the carbohydrate rate, it enables to be used to produce ethanol. The aim ofthis research is to determine the best condition process to make an ethanol from raw material ofmengkudu’s fruit. Ethanol yielded to be obtained heatedly from mengkudu’s fruit liquid by using HCL0,4 N in three neck gourd as hydrolysis process, so that we got the sugar rate equal to 8,23%. Afterthat can be made ferment media from sugar liquid result of the hydrolysis and enhanced by a startervolume at spanning : 4- 12%. Later fermented as according to variation time of between 24 until 72hours. The liquid result of the ferment dissociated by distillation, and the temperature maintenance for80 ºC. The biggest result of ethanol rate obtained when ferment 60 clock, addition of volume starter10% with ethanol rate = 6,24 %.Key words : Ferment , Hydrolysis, Mengkudu , Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Ethan
PEMANFAATAN BITTERN SEBAGAI KOAGULAN PADA LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI KERTAS
Get PDFPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui volume bittern terbaik sebagai koagulan dan nilai akhir dari TSS limbah cair. Limbah cair yang digunakan adalah limbah cair pada industri kertas PT Adiprima Suraprinta, Gresik. Kondisi yang ditetapkan adalah pH limbah cair = 11, Kecepatan pengadukan awal = 100 rpm, Kecepatan pengadukan lambat = 30 rpm, Waktu pengadukan awal = 1 menit, Waktu pengendapan = 60 menit. Kondisi yang dijalankan : Volume bittern (ml) = 1, 2, 3, dan 4, Waktu pencampuran (menit = 15, 30, 45, 60, dan 75.Prosedur yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah meliputi analisa awal, alkalisasi limbah, penyiapan volume bittern, jar test, dan analisa jar test. Analisa awal dan analisa jar test meliputi analisa pH dan TSS. Alkalisasi limbah bertujuan untuk mengubah pH awal limbah 7 menjadi 11. Proses alkalisasi limbah dilakukan dengan penambahan larutan Ca(OH)2. Proses jar test berguna untuk mereaksikan larutan Ca(OH)2 dengan bittern sebagai koagulan-flokulan untuk mengikat partikel-partikel yang tersuspensi agar mudah mengendap.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan penambahan volume bittern pada limbah cair industri kertas terjadi penurunan nilai TSS yang cukup signifikan. Selain volume bittern, waktu pengadukan lambat juga berpengaruh terhadap penurunan nilai TSS. Nilai TSS terendah diperoleh pada penambahan volume bittern 4 ml dengan waktu pengadukan 75 menit. Selain penurunan nilai TSS, % Recovery TSS yang diperoleh juga cukup tinggi yaitu 94,95 %. Untuk pH akhir mengalami penurunan dari 11 menjadi 8.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Research aim is to find best bittern volume as coagulants and end value of TSS liquid waste. Liquid waste used is liquid waste at PT.Adiprima Suraprinta paper industry, Gresik. Condition defined are liquid waste pH = 11, early stirring velocity = 100 rpm, slow stirring velocity = 30 rpm, early stirring time = 1 minute, time to solid for settled at bottom = 60 minute. The running condition are bittern volume (ml) = 1,2,3 and 4, stirring time (minutes) = 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75.Conducted procedure on this research comprise early analysis, waste alkaline, bittern volume preparation, jar test, and jar test analysis. Early analysis and jar analysis comprise pH analysis and TSS. Waste alkaline purposed to change early waste pH from 7 to 11. Waste alkaline process conducted with addition of Ca(OH)2 solution. Jar test process useful to react Ca(OH)2 solution with bitters as coagulantfloculant to string suspented particles to get easy to settled at the bottom.The research result shown that with addition of bittern volume on liquid waste in paper industry the TSS value is decrease significantly. Beside bittern volume, slow stirring time also influential to TSS value decrease. TSS low value reach on 4 ml bittern volume addition with 75 minutes stirring time. Beside of TSS value decrease, TSS % recovery obtained high enough which is on 94,95%. For end pH has decrease from 11 to 8
MODEL MATEMATIKA ADSORPSI ZEOLIT ALAM
Get PDFWaste Water of electroplating industry contains various dangerous metal ion wich aredangerous for environment, for example Zinc and Nickel. The concentration of those heavy metal ioncan exeed quality standard value of waste water, therefore it needs to be processed before releasedto environmentIn this research, processing of Waste Water of electroplating industry was done by usingzeolite as metal ion adsorbent of Zn. This Research was done by using baffle tank .The purpose of this research was to get mathematics equation of Langmuir and of Freundlichzeolite absorption to Zn ion.. Specified conditions : waste water volume 200ml, baffle rotation 100rpm . with variable done were : Zeolite size, squealer time and zeolite weight. Waste water with zeolitewere swirled during certaintimer; then filtered and the content of Zn ion of the filtrate was analyzed.Early Concentration from waste water ( Zn 2+) is : 113,37 mg / lEquation acquire in this research for zeolite size 40 mesh were as follows :Freundlich equation : ln ( x / m) = 0,3268 c ln - 0,8284, with correlation coefficient of R2 = 0,9262 .While Langmuir equation was :24 , 169 485 , 25) / (+ − = Keyword : zeolite, waste of electroplating, adsorption, Zn ionwith R2 = 0,99. Based on equation above, zeolite requirement for reducing the content of Zn in electroplating waste water can be calculated, to the wantedconcentrationC m x
PEMBUATAN ETANOL DARI BUAH MENGKUDU
Get PDFMengkudu represent all purppose crop, a lot of type of amendable product from root, bar, leaf, and also its fruit.At fruit mengkudu have content of carbohydrate as much 51,67 gr. With obstetrical existence the carbohydrate enable to be exploited permanent upon which produce ethanol. Intention of this research is determine condition of best process making of ethanol with raw material of fruit mengkudu.Ethanol yielded to be obtained heatedly of fruit mengkudu liquid by HCL 0,4 N in neck gourd three as hydrolysis process, so that got the sugar rate equal to 8,23%. Hereinafter, can be made ferment media from sugar liquid result of hydrolysis enhanced by a starter volume at spanning : 4- 12%. Later;then ferment as according to variation time of between 24 - 72 clock. Liquid of result of the ferment dissociated by distilatation, temperature taken care of 80ºC.Result of biggest ethanol obtained when ferment 60 clock, addition of volume starter 10% with ethanol rate = 6,24 %.Keyword : Ferment , Hydrolysis, mengkudu , Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Ethan
PENGAMBILAN MINERAL ELEKTROLIT DARI LIMBAH GARAM
Get PDFBittern is a thick liquid that obtained from crystallization waste that left from salt making process.Bittern contain many minerals including macro mineral micro mineral. This mineral formed because ittakes part in crystallization at salt making process. From the great quantities that bittern contain, theresome minerals that have high that is: Magnesium (Mg), Natrium (Na), Kalium (K), and Calcium (Ca).These four minerals important minerals that needed for human body’s health, so that can be used asmineral ionic supplement that have benefit for human’s health.Electro dialysis membrane is one of ions separation process from some liquid with the use of highelectrical wave through semi permeable membrane that have permeable characteristic for some specificions. This process produce one part that we call“Konsentrat” and the other part we call it “Diluat” . The variable that we are going to use for this research is : bittern concentrations, voltage and timeof operation. And the best research result take place in condition : feed concentration in bittern 1composition, voltage that we used is 2,9 volt and time of operation is 150 minutes and also produce %magnesium (Mg) rejection = 91,9%, % Natrium (Na) rejection = 74,66%, % (K) Kalium rejection =92,88% and % Calcium (Ca) rejection = 96,19%.Key words : bittern, membrane, electro dialysis, concentrate, diluat, rejectio
THE BAFFLE V AND ERECT INFLUENCE ON THE DISTILATION SIEVE PLATE TOWARD MIXING SYSTEM AIR-WATER
Get PDFThe baffle influence to the degree of liquid mixing in the plate and the pressure drop on the plate has beenstudied in this research. The operational pressure in this research is limited in the atmospheric pressure .Thedistillation column that used in the research has 0.2m diameter and 1.4 m height with the distance betweentrays is 0.4 m. The research was carried out by to flows water into the column with the flow rate of water are105 l/h, 149 l/h, 189 l/h and to flows air into the lower of the column with superficial speed from 0 to 0.3 m/s.After steady state is required the dry plate pressure and the pressure drop because the difference between theheight of clear liquid and the height of foam is measured. The mixing degree is determined by stimulusresponse method, i.e flows air into the system, then give a tracer (i.e. NaCl saturated 20 CC) as a stimulatorthat injected into the fuild to the basin. This experiment will give the data off the concentrations and the time.The conclusion of this research is the pressure drop by dry plate can provide the correlation hD = 8.34926( )( ) Lh GgUρρ22. The value of residual pressure drop at the column of sieve plate without baffle and with use abaffle in this study almost constant, i.e. 1-2 mm H2O. The relation among the Peclet number, the F factor andthe flow rate of water can expresse in empirical equation are : for without baffle Pe = 0.3837 F0.9254 Q-0.05229;Baffle V, Pe = 0.00005306 F-2.341 Q-1.005; vertical Baffle Pe = 0.004989 F-1.775 Q-0.4848. The presentation of thedifference of the clear liquid’s height in the condition without use a baffle are 86,88% for the V baffle,53,55% for the vertical baffle (105 l/h); 73,5% for V baffle, 50,64% for the vertical baffle (149 l/h); 84,34 forV baffle, 65,58% for vertical baffle (189 l/h). The value of EMV / EOG for the experiment without use a baffle isgreater than the value of EMV / EOG fot the experiment use a baffle
TEMPERATURE AND ACETIC ACID CONCENTRATION OPTIMATION IN THE EPOXIDATION REACTION OF PALM OIL METHYL ESTER
Get PDFVegetable oils are rich in content unsaturated fatty acid from the type of oleic acid, linoleic acid andlinolenic acid that can be converted to epoxide groups. Epoxidized oil has many useful applications such asplastisizer to improve flexibility, elasticity and stability under the influence of heat and radiation. In thisresearch, palm oil was converted first to become palm oil methyl ester (POME), followed by epoxidationreaction to produce epoxidized palm oil methyl ester (EPOME). Response surface method (RSM) was performedfor optimization and to study the influence of reaction temperature and molar ratioPOME/CH3COOH on the conversion reaction and oxirane value. An optimal reactional condition was shownby high oxirane content which was in the form of oxirane counts/number. Epoxidation reaction was run inthe batch reactor using acetic acid as an oxygen carrier. Central Composite Design (CCD) with two independentvariables and two response function was utilized to investigate the effect of input variables. Theresult shows that reaction conversion increased with the rise of reaction temperature and molar ratio ofPOME/CH3COOH before reaching the maximum point, and then it monotonously decreased. The optimaloperating condition for epoxidation reaction was indicated by maximum oxirane value which could bereached by the reaction temperature of 56.3 oC and molar ratio POME/CH3COOH of 1:0.43Key words: epoxidation, methyl ester, oxirane, palm oi
OLEORESIN FROM GINGER USING EXTRACTION PROCESS WITH ETHANOL SOLVENT
Get PDFUse of ginger was grow commercially in processing that use appropriate technology. Refining of oiland ginger oleoresin from ginger rhizome growing to be a raw material in pharmaceutical companiesmanufacture drugs. Components of chemical compounds contained in ginger consists of oil evaporated,oil does not evaporate and starch. This research aims is to extraction of ginger oleoresin. Variables thatperformed in this study include the extraction temperature (30, 40, 50 and 60 ° C) and extraction time (1,1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 hours). While the operating conditions involved the comparison of materials andsolvents of etanol 70%, materials size measure ± 40 mesh, ginger type of emprit and speed turn around60 rpm. Ginger powder counted 300 gram and solvent 1500 ml entered into ekstraktor with time andtemperature of extraction according to variable. After finishing result of extraction entered into rotaryvacuum evaporator to be dissociated between oleoresin and solvent. Analysis batchwise to specific gravity,refractive index, rendemen and % gingerol. The best condition got by at oleoresin extraction of gingerwith temperature of extraction 40oC and time of extraction 3 hour, where got specific gravity 0,9012 gr /cm3, refractive index 1,4769, rendemen 9,98% and % gingerol 33,23%.Keywords : extraction, ginger, oleoresi
SULPHATE POTASIUM EXTRACTION FROM BANANA STEM ASH WITH BLEACHING EARTH WASTE LIQUID
Get PDFSulphate potassium is one of the important chemistry compound for industrial at our country, usually for fertilizerindustry. Therefore, necessary done sulphate potassium maker watchfulness from various ingredient that containsulphate potassium compound. Among others with extract banana stem ash. Watchfulness methodology that is withmix banana stem ash with aquadest (20 gram ash/1 water litre) in temperature 100oc during 30 minutes and stirringrotation 300 rpm. Ash extract that got reaction with sulphuric acid found of liquid waste bleaching earth. Bleachingearth with certain rate of flow (5,10,15,20) ml/second is putted into. After achieved steady conditon, process iscontinued up to 15 minutes. Result is analyzed to determine sulphate potassium conversion. Based on watchfulnessresult that done, best condition is got in temperature 60oc with speed emits bleaching earth 10 ml/second, producesulphate potassium degree as big as 20184 mg/litres and conversion that got as big as 88,061%.Keyword : banana stem, bleaching eart
SIMULASI ALIRAN GAS-SOLID-LIQUID DALAM BIOREATOR MEMBRAN TERENDAM
Get PDFHydrodynamics characteristic for the mixing of gas-solid-liquid in membrane bioreactorsubmerged (MBRs) and its influence on mass transfer was studied computationally at various solid concentration, incoming gas rate, and the baffle distance. Computational method was conducted by using software GAMBIT 2.1.6. for the making of the grid which represents the calculation domain and conduct the simulation using CFD software FLUENT commercial code 6.2.16. The calculation result was recorded after the iteration reach the certain convergence level.Multiphase flow in reactor was simulated with mixture model, while to model the turbulence characteristic of the flow standard k-ε model was used. The geometric system studied is bioreactor in the form of box with flat bottom, 2 baffles, submerged hollow fiber membrane and air passage at the bottom of the reactor. For the membrane modeling, it is used two approachesthat is membrane as black box and membrane as porous media. The liquid used is water, and the solid is activated sludge, and air acts as gas phase. The result indicates that gas-solid-liquid system with the nearest baffle location from the membrane cause, the liquid dispersion process goes faster, so that fluid in the tank can be mixed perfectly and it can increase the gas-liquid mass transfer rate and the flux at MBRs.The increase of the solid concentration does not significantly affect the change of gasliquid mass transfer rate and flux through the membrane, but the increase of air flow rate can increase the gas-liquid mass transfer and the flux. Porous media approach give the prediction of the gas hold up distribution more over all than black box approach. The position of baffle 9 cm from tank wall is the best position viewed from the balance between the of air flow with the circulating fluid flow. Considered from the solid distribution, double inlet MBRs is better compared to that of single inlet. Flux obtained does not show significant difference. From both approaches of the membrane model, membrane model as porous media give the simulation results closer to the experimental data.Keyword:MBRs, hydrodynamic, simulation CFD, gas-solid-liqui