Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science
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SOIL POTASSIUM NUTRIENT, TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL REQUIRED TO GENERATE ‘HONEY TASTE’ OF CILEMBU SWEET POTATO
Get PDFIndonesia produces normal and “honey taste sweet potatoes” (HTSP), but soil properties and climate factors that govern the unique honey taste and its sugar content have not yet comprehensively evaluated. The objective of the study was to assess and evaluate the soil nutrients and climate factors generating honey taste of Cilembu Rancing cultivar. Soils and plant tissues were sampled at different elevations for various macro- and micro-nutrient analyses and that tubers for sugar analysis. Results showed that the most suitable climate to produce the highest vine and tuber weight, and total tuber sugar of the HTSP was monthly temperature of 21–22oC occurring at 870–917 m soil elevation with monthly rainfall of 96-199 mm. The K nutrient was responsible in part to the high production and total sugar as revealed by significantly positive correlation between soil available K against K content of leaves and tubers, fresh weight of vines and tubers, and total sugar of tubers. The honey taste was driven by type of dominant sugar: fructose > sucrose > glucose. The balance of N, P, K, Ca and Mg to support generation of HTSP for Rancing cultivar was 2,067, 25, 304, 1,824 and 260 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. Further, the content of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn micronutrient was 29, 177, 4 and 2 mg kg-1, respectively. Findings of climate factors and soil nutrients required by HTSP in this study could be used as a guidance to select the new areas for massive development of honey-taste sweet potato
EMPOWERING WOMEN FARMERS THROUGHT MULTICHANNEL LEARNING: AN APPLICATION OF NEED ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE
No full textThe suitability and effectiveness of material, method, and media used in nonformal education provided by government and nongovernment institutions (including agricultural extension) has been questioned in recent years, this is especially true for nonformal education catering for poor women farmers. Even though the significant roles and contribution of woman farmers in farming and family economic survival in Indonesia have been widely known, their nonformal educations need are rarely acknowledged. Several socio-cultural norms and values hinder women farmers’ participation in extension activities. The perception that agricultural extension activities fall under public domain has resulted that these activities are under male control (usually head for household). Without special intervention and accurate need assessment for nonformal education, the gap between women farmers and their male counterparts will be wider. This study was designed to identify nonformal educational needs of poor women farmers in Sakra Subdistrict, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The primary data and information were solicited through the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method using focus group interviews and gender analysis techniques. The result indicated that women farmers in the study area could not afford to participate in learning activities, unless the learning program offer a direct benefit to generate income. However, in general they put a high expectation in their children’s education and learning opportunity that would lead them to earn a better income. Due to their very limited educational background, demonstration and learning by doing method where perceived to be the most effective extension methods. Furthermore, radio and television were not effective educational channels, since there were only a very small number of respondents who owned radio and TV sets. In the efforts to empower women farmers, field extension workers require training on socio-economics, including gender analysis, and need assessment methodology to better perform their tasks in the field
IDENTIFICATION AND PATHOGENICITY OF ISOLATE OF BACTERIUM CAUSED LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE ON Maranta arundinacea
No full textArrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L) is a multi-functional plant used as a source of medicinal, carbohydrate (especially the green leaf type) and also as ornamental plant (the streaked white leaf type). A leaf blight disease is recently found on the streaked white type in Bogor. Preliminary observation indicated that the disease was associated with bacterial infection. The cause of the disease has not been studied. This study was aimed to identify the cause of bacterial leaf blight disease. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory of Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops in Bogor. Suspected bacteria were isolated from diseased leaves. The results showed that the bacterium produced white to brownish colonies on rich agar media containing peptone or cassamino acid. 3-5 mm in diameter, circular, and did not yield fluorescent pigment on King’s B medium. The bacterium formed rod cells, Gram negative, accumulated poly β hydroxybutyrate, utilized glucose under aerobic condition, not hydrolyse arginine and starch, positive catalase, insensitive to tetrazolium salt (0.1%), and grew at 35oC. The bacterium neither producted xanthomonadin pigment nor reduced nitrate to nitrite. The pathogen was tolerant to penicillin and oxolinic acid, but sensitive to streptomycin and oxytetracycline at high concentration (1.000 ppm). These characteristics met to those of Pseudomonas cepacia. Pathogenicity test on detached leaves showed that the typical symptom of blight was similar to that of natural infection on arrowroot. This is the first report on occurrence of P cepacia on arrowroot plant
SALINITY TOLERANCE OF SEVERAL RICE GENOTYPES AT SEEDLING STAGE
Get PDFSalinity is one of the most serious problems in rice cultivation. Salinity drastically reduced plant growth and yield, especially at seedling stage. Several rice genotypes have been produced, but their tolerance to salinity has not yet been evaluated. The study aimed to evaluate salinity tolerance of rice genotypes at seedling stage. The glasshouse experiment was conducted at Cimanggu Experimental Station, Bogor, from April to May 2013. Thirteen rice genotypes and two check varieties, namely Pokkali (salt tolerant) and IR29 (salt sensitive) were tested at seedling stage. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors, namely the levels of NaCl (0 and 120 mM) and 13 genotypes of rice. Rice seedlings were grown in the nutrient culture (hydroponic) supplemented with NaCl at different levels. The growth and salinity injury levels of the genotypes were recorded periodically. The results showed that salinity level of 120 mM NaCl reduced seedling growth of all rice genotypes, but the tolerant ones were survived after 14 days or until the sensitive check variety died. Based on the visual injury symptoms on the leaves, five genotypes, i.e. Dendang, Inpara 5, Inpari 29, IR77674-3B-8-2-2-14-4-AJY2, and IR81493-BBB-6-B- 2-1-2 were tolerant to 120 mM salinity level, while Inpara 4 was comparable to salt sensitive IR29. Hence, Inpara 4 could be used as a salinity sensitive genotype for future research of testing tolerant variety. Further evaluation is needed to confirm their salinity tolerance under field conditions.
SOIL OF PAMETIKARATA, EAST SUMBA: ITS SUITABILITY AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FOOD CROP DEVELOPMENT
No full textPametikarata, Lewa subdistrict, is the priority area for food crop development in East Sumba. To evaluate its suitability and constraints, chemical properties, suitability and fertility capability classification for rice and secondary crops of some potential soils have been studied both in the field and in the laboratory. Seven soil profiles consisted of forty one soil samples were subjected to chemical and mineralogical analyses in the laboratory. The analyses consisted of clay fraction and organic-carbon contents, pH, potential P and K (25% HCI extraction), available P, phosphate retention. Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (NH4OAc 1N, pH 7), and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction. The results indicate that soil acidity varies from acid to neutral Exchangeable cations are dominated by Ca cation and soil CEC ranges from low to very high. Clay mineral composition also varies, some are dominated by montmorillonite, others show mixed mineralogy between montmorillonite and kaolinite, and the rests are dominated by kaolinite with the exception of wet Vertisols, all soils are grouped as marginally suitable (S3) for rice and secondary crops. Nutrient availability and retention are the common limiting factors. Using fertility capability classification (FCC), all soils are grouped as clayey soils with low infiltration and high water holding capacity. The serious constraint for food crop development in this area is uncontrolled grazing that makes a conflict of interests between farming and cattle herding systems. Optimum success of food crop development in the area could be reached by controlling the herding system and improving the existing agricultural system
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF NANO-EMULSION FORMULATED FROM GARLIC, GINGER AND CINNAMON EXTRACTS AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Salmonella typhi
Get PDFGarlic, ginger and cinnamon had been reported for their antimicrobial activities, for instance against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The present study aimed to test antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsion of the mixture of garlic, ginger and cinnamon. The nanoemulsion was formulated from the mixture of garlic and ginger extracts and cinnamon essential oil at the ratio of 80:10:10 using a high pressure homogenizer at 300 bars for 5 cycles. The nanoemulsion powder was prepared using a spray dryer with the inlet and outlet temperatures of 160–170 °C and 70–80 °C, respectively, and maltodextrin as a filler. The nanoemulsion was tested against E. coli and S. typhi. The particle size of nanoemulsion and powdered formulas were characterized using a scanning electron microscope. The LC50 values were identified based on the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The results showed that quality of the raw materials confirmed the WHO requirements. The particle size of the emulsion ranged from 151 to 306 nm with the polydispersity index of 0.39–0.52. The 10% and 15% active compounds of the nanoemulsion inhibited E. coli and S. thypi with the LC50 values of 680.15–970.50 ppm and 607.17–903.31 ppm, respectively. The study suggests that the nanoemulsion of a mixture of garlic, ginger and cinnamon extracts could be developed as a food preservative
INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY OF NEWLY OPENED PADDY FIELD IN TIDAL SWAMPY AREAS USING A LOCAL SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY
Get PDFExpansion of new paddy land for rice in the tidal area is still experiencing problems, especially their toxic concentrations of Fe which can affect soil productivity. Efforts to improve the productivity of the newly opened paddy fields of tidal swampland are with drainage and specific nutrient management. The purpose of this research is an effort to increase the productivity of land through drainage management and application of ameliorant against iron toxicity in rice at the newly opened tidal swampland. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design is repeated 5 times. The results showed that technology of 1 week drying and 1 week inundation, limed 2 t ha-1 and fertilized N 112.5 kg ha-1, P2O5 22.5 kg ha-1, K2O 67.5 kg ha-1 and organic materials by 5 t ha-1, can increase rice yields by 237% from 1.40 t ha-1 to 4.72 t ha-1 of dry milled grain and can reduce 50% of Fe in the soil content of 384 ppm to 192 ppm in the newly opened paddy fields of tidal swampland in dry season. While the rainy season, technology of 1 week drying and 2 week inundation, limed 2 t ha-1 and fertilized of N 86.25 kg ha-1, P2O5 30 kg ha-1, K2O 15 kg ha-1, and organic materials by 5 t ha-1, can increase rice yield 272 % from 1.21 t ha-1 to 4.50 t ha-1 of dry milled grain and can reduce 51.88% of Fe in the soil content of 1,168 ppm to 769 ppm.
VARIATION IN AGGRESSIVENESS AND AFLP AMONG Alternaria solani ISOLATES FROM INDONESIA
Get PDFAlternaria solani is a necrotroph fungus that causes three-phased diseases in tomato. Management of the pathogen by using resistant cultivars requires knowledge on the aggressiveness and genetic diversity of the fungus. The aims of this study were to isolate A. solani from major tomato and potato producing areas in Indonesia and to study their aggressiveness and genetic variability. Twenty two A. solani isolates were recovered from early blighted tomato and potato in Central and West Java. A. alternata was also isolated from tomato leaves in West Java and North Sumatra, indicating that early blight in Indonesia may be caused by more than one Alternaria species. Resistance tests of four tomato genotypes to selected A. solani isolates revealed that local isolates were more aggressive in inciting early blight and stem lesion than an imported isolate from USA. This implies that introduced breeding materials must be tested to local isolates to obtain effective resistance genes. Cluster analysis based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) obtained from EcoRI+AG and MseI+C primer amplification separated 28 local and Taiwan isolates from the US isolate, which was coincided with aggressiveness separation between the local isolates and the US isolate. Three clusters of AFLP genotypes which did not associate with geographic origin were observed among tropical isolates. The low genetic diversity among the Indonesian isolates suggests clonal population structure with wide distribution. Successful local tomato breeding requires the availability of local A. solani collection with well-characterized aggressiveness level and molecular diversity to obtain effective resistance genes
SOMACLONAL PUTATIVE MUTANTS OF RICE TOLERANT TO SALINITY
Get PDFSoil salinity could significantly reduce rice yield, therefore, varieties tolerant to salinity are urgent to be developed. Mutation induction could be used to create rice mutants tolerant to salinity. The study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of somaclonal mutants of rice to NaCl salinity in a greenhouse condition and characterize their tolerance mechanism. A total of 45 putative mutants were generated by a gamma ray mutation induction followed with in vitro selection in the growth media containing different NaCl concentrations in the greenhouse experiment. The study consisted of two-factor treatments, namely three levels of NaCl concentrations and 45 rice mutants suspected to be tolerant to salinity, arranged in a completely randomized design. Proline, cations (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) content, and stomata density were evaluated. The results showed that eight mutants were tolerant to 150 mM NaCl, namely CH30, CH-4-2, II-13-42, II-13-7, II-13-10, II-13-13, II-13- 2, and IA-3-21. These tolerant mutants had a higher Na content compared to the check parent. The tolerant mutants had a high proline content, lower Na, and stable K, Mg and Ca cations as well as had a greater number of stomata and higher stomata length-width ratio. Some of the identified tolerant mutants demonstrated the tolerant mechanism against salinity stress. Further studies are required to evaluate these tolerant mutants in the field conditions under salinity stress