Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science
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STABILITY OF ANTHOCYANIN DURING PROCESSING, STORAGE AND SIMULATED DIGESTION OF PURPLE SWEET POTATO PASTA
Get PDFPurple sweet potato is rich in anthocyanin giving a potential application in food product development. However, anthocyanin is relatively unstable and easily degraded during processing and storage. Understanding the stability and bio-accessibility of anthocyanin during processing, storage and simulated digestion is very important. The study aimed to investigate changes in anthocyanin degradation during processing, storage and simulated digestion of purple sweet potato pasta. The pasta was prepared through several processing steps, i.e. steaming the tuber, steaming the dough formula, extrusion, drying and boiling. Anthocyanin was analyzed at every stages of processing and storage of the pasta. The durability of the pasta during storage was analysed using an accelerated shelf-life testing method at 30, 40 and 50ºC for 28 days. The study showed that anthocyanin content decreased during the whole stages of processing and storage, but slightly increased during steaming. The highest loss of the anthocyanin occurred in the boiling process. Based on resistance to stomach and intestinal conditions, the bio-accessibility of anthocyanin was better in the digestive system in the stomach than that in the intestines. The increased anthocyanin appeared again in the colon. This study provides useful information for designing an effective method to minimize an extensive loss of anthocyanin of purple sweet potato for food product development
PRELIMINARY ECOLOGOCAL STUDY OF Rhizobium : SELECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MUTANTS OF Rhizobium PMA295 NODULATING Sesbania sesban
No full textThis study was designed to provide strain for studying the ecology of Rhizobium when it was used to inoculate seed sown in the soil or in the field. Naturally occurring antibiotic resistant mutant strains of Rhizobium PMA295 nodulating Sesbania sesban were selected by antibiotic selection method. The isolates should be as effective in nitrogen fixation as the parental wild-type strain. Authentication of mutant isolates showed that these rifampicin mutant isolates could nodulate test plant and most nodules formed by the rifampicin 50 ppm and streptomycin 500 ppm mutant isolates were red in colour. These twenty isolates can be regarded as rhizobia. The most effective mutant, isolates PMA295 selected on rifampicin 50 ppm was also resistant to rifampicin 60, 70, 80, and 90 ppm. The effectiveness of most mutant strains was not significantly different from their parent strains. The rifampicin 50 ppm mutant strain of Rhizobium PMA295 could be used as inoculant for ecological study
EFFECTS OF BLENDED FERTILIZERS ON YIELDS OF MATURE TEA CLONES TRFK 6/8 AND BBK 35 GROWN IN KENYAN HIGHLANDS
Get PDFKenya’s tea industry depends predominantly on imported NPK fertilizers to replenish nutrients removed through plucking. In this respect, two blended fertilizers containing NPKS 25:5:5:4+9Ca+2.6Mg and NPKS 23:5:5:4+10Ca+3Mg with trace elements have been produced in the country. However, contribution of the blended fertilizers to optimal tea yields had not been determined. The study aimed to evaluate the optimal levels of the two blended fertilizers on tea grown in the highlands of Kenya. The blended fertilizers were evaluated in two sites, i.e. Timbilil estate in Kericho and Kagochi farm in Nyeri. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with two blended fertilizers and the standard NPK 26:5:5 as a control. The treatments were applied at four fertilizer rates (0-control, 75, 150 and 225 kg N ha-1 yr-1), with three replications. The results showed that application of 225 kg N ha-1 yr-1 blended fertilizer NPKS 25:5:5:4+9Ca+2.6Mg in Timbilil produced mean yield of 2,995 kg Mt ha-1 compared with 3,099 kg Mt ha-1 from the standard NPK. In Kagochi, the highest yield was 1,975 kg Mt ha-1 obtained from the application of the same blended fertilizer NPKS 25:5:5:4+9Ca+2.6Mg at 75 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The highest yields in both sites were obtained during a warm-dry season except in 2015-2016. This study concluded that based on the annual and seasonal yields, the two blended fertilizers and the standard type had the same effectiveness, irrespective of clones and sites. However, the fertilizer rates affected the tea yield
PERFORMANCE OF POTATOES GROWN FROM TRUE SEED UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN WEST JAVA
No full textTrue potato seed (TPS) has been considered as an alternative planting material of seed tuber in potato production, especially in developing countries where good quality of seed tuber at reasonable price is difficult to obtain. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of environment and genotype on potatoes grown from TPS in contrasting seasons and sites in West Java, Indonesia over a period of two years (September 1990-October 1992). Different method of establishing the potato crop from TPS were tested and compared with ev. Granola established from seed tubers. Data were interpreted in terms of relationships between total and tuber dry matter yield and intercepted radiation (IR). The growth and yield of potatoes grown from TPS were generally better at higher rather than lower altitudes, probably related to the lower temperatures which was reflected in an increase in IR and in the efficiency of conversion of IR into total and tuber dry matter. In the highland, seedling transplants and seedling tubers were both suitable for establishing crops from TPS in the wet season, but not in the dry season. All progenies, in general performed well at the highland especially the medium-late maturing progenies such as HPS 7/13. Atlantic x LT-7 initiated tubers and matured more rapidly than the other progenies and performed well at the lower altitudes. Atzimba x DTO-28 had a more gradual decline in ground cover and was more resistant to late blight than other early-medium maturing progenies. The medium-late maturing progeny. Atzimba x R-128.6 matured later and performed poorly at the lower altitudes
DIVERSITY AND CAPABILITY ANALYSES OF FERTILITY RESTORER GENES OF CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILE RICE LINES USING SSR
Get PDFDevelopment of hybrid rice depends on the effectivity of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and restorer (R) lines. The molecular genetic approach is expected to help the breeder in identification of suitable parental lines to hybrid rice improvement. The study aimed to assess genetic relationship among three types of CMS systems (wild abbortive/WA Kalinga and Gambiaca) as female parents and to identify diversity of genes controlling fertility restoration in rice. The study used nine F1 hybrids and F2 populations obtained from the hybridization of three different CMS lines (IR58025A-WA, IR80156A-Kalinga and IR80154A-Gambiaca) with three restorer lines (PK90, PK12 and BP11). Fifteen SSR markers were used to select genomic regions of chromosome 1 and 10 on which Rf3 and Rf4 genes located in the hybrids. The results showed that fertility restoration in CMS-WA and CMS-Gambiaca was governed by two independent and dominant genes (Rf3 and Rf4), while in CMS-Kalinga the fertility restoration was controlled by one single dominant gene. Biological processes occurred in the fertility restoration of the hybrids were the same based on the pollen and spikelet fertilities of F1 hybrids derived from three CMS and R lines, i.e. 76.1–78.3% and 69.1–76.6%, respectively. A restorer line PK12 had a higher capability in fertility restoration than PK90 and BP11. The SSR primers RM490 and RM258 were capable of identifying the Rf3 and Rf4 genes controlled fertility restoration in CMS-WA. The study supports the use of male sterile WA in rice hybridization.
EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ON PLANT GROWTH, PHOSPORUS AND CALCIUM UPTAKE OF TROPICAL RICE (Oryza sativa), MAIZE (Zea mays), AND SOYBEAN (Glycine max)
No full textAluminum toxicity is the most limiting factor to plant growth on acid soils. Structural and functional damages in the root system by Al decrease nutrient uptake and lead to reduce plant growth and mineral deficiency in shoot. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of Al on plant growth, and P and Ca uptake of rice, maize, and soybean. The plants were grown in hydroponic solution added with 0, 5, 10, and 30 ppm Al, at pH 4.0. The results showed that relative growth of shoots and roots of upland rice, lowland rice, maize, and soybean decreased with an increase of Al level. However, sometimes the low Al level (5 ppm) stimulated shoot and root growth of some varieties in these species. According to total AlRG30 values, which is Al concentration in solution when relative growth decreased to 50%, Al tolerance of species was in order of barley < maize < soybean < lowland rice < upland rice. For maize, Al tolerance was in the order of Arjuna < Kalingga < P 3540 < SA 5 < SA 4 < PM 95 A < SA 3 < Antasena; for soybean was Wilis < INPS < Galunggung < Kerinci < Kitamusume; for lowland rice was RD 23 < Kapuas < Cisadane < KDML 105 < IR 66 < RD 13, and for upland rice was Dodokan < JAC165 < Cirata < Orizyca sabana 6 < Danau Tempe < Laut Tawar. Based on the rank of Al tolerance, rice was the useful crop to be planted in acid soils. Antasena (maize), Kitamusume ( soybean ), RD 13 (lowland rice), and Laut Tawar (upland rice) were also recommended for acid soils. P and Ca concentration in shoots and roots commonly decreased with an increase of Al level. However, the low Al level stimulated absorption of P and Ca concentrations in shoots and roots
QUALITY CHANGES OF SARDINES (Sardinella neopilchardus) AT INDONESIAN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
No full textIn tropical countries such as Indonesia, high ambient temperature and a lack of icing cause very rapid spoilage of fish. Leaving fish uniced while waiting for processing is a common practice resulting in lower quality of the end products, and consequently lower price of the products. To study the spoilage pattern of sardines (Sardinella neophilchardus) in a tropical region, and to investigate a simple and quick method to judge the degree of spoilage, observations on the deterioration of sardines were carried out by incubating fish in a humidity chamber adjusted to 28-30oC. RH 70-80% for up to 14 h. The changes of sensory attributes based on demerit point score. pH, and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) were monitored to determine the degree of spoilage. Although the appearance of sardines was still bright after 6-h incubation time, fish were not as fresh as those without incubation and the belly and tissue were softened. After incubation time of 10 h, fish showed slight to moderate signs of spoilage with demerit point score of 25 out of the maximum score of 39, and a TVB-N content of 20 mg%N. This is similar to the fish quality commonly used in the commercial production of dried-salted fish in Indonesia. Fish incubated for 12 h or more appeared completely spoiled and were rejected by sensory panel. A high correlation between demerit point score and TVB-N was noted, therefore the demerit point system which was more suitable, quicker, and easier could be used to determine the degree of fish spoilage
POLITICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN INDONESIA
Get PDFRice self-sufficiency is an important programme in Indonesia. The programme has four major targets, i.e. increasing production, stabilizing prices and reserve stocks, and minimizing import. For that purpose, the government gave a mandate to a parastatal, namely National Logistic Agency (Bulog) in implementing the rice policies. Some studies found that involvement of such a parastatal could lead to government failure in budget allocation. The study aimed to estimate social cost of rice self-sufficiency programme based on the implementation of rice instrument policies by Bulog. The study used the national annual data of 2002–2014 period. The method used was the political preference function model to estimate economic rent and dead-weight loss using rice price elasticity of demand and supply. The result showed that in terms of percentage of food security budget, the average of economic rent reached IDR 6.37 trillion per annum (18.54%), while the average of dead-weight loss amounted at IDR 0.90 trillion per annum (2.34%). It proved that rice self-sufficiency programme along with the involvement of Bulog was economically inefficient. The government should provide better agricultural infrastructure, review governmental procurement prices, and stop rice import policy to remedy market failure