Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)
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Root Morphology and Growth Response of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Hybrid to Al Toxicity at Nursery
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to determine the response of eight oil palm hybrids through root morphological changes and growth to aluminum (Al) toxicity. The research was conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta in June 2014 - June 2015. The study was prepared in a Factorial Randomized Block Design, with three replications as block. The first factor was was addition of aluminum in two rates (0 ppm and 300 ppm). The second factor eight oil palm hybrids (Yangambi, Avros, Langkat, PPKS 239, Simalungun, PPKS 718, PPKS 540 and Dumpy). The research was conducted at nursery stage. Observed variables include total root length, total root area, root volume, root diameter, aluminum uptake in root, fractal dimension, as well as fresh and dry root and shoot weight. The data obtained were analyzed by variant (ANOVA) at 5% level, followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to find out if there was any real difference between the treatments. Aluminum at 300 ppm can change the morphological character of root, inhibiting root growth and biomass. All the hybrids give the same respon on root morphological and growth variables
Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Raised- and Sunken-Bed System as Affected by Saline Irrigation in Baros, Bantul, Yogyakarta
Get PDFIt is expected that by utilizing marginal land (e.g. saline field) is able to increase rice production under saline condition. One of integrated approaches that can be applied is a raised- and sunken-bed system. This experiment aimed to investigate the growth and yield of rice under raised- and sunken-bed system as affected by saline irrigation. The field experiment was conducted at Baros Helmet, Bantul District, Yogyakarta from October 2016 to February 2017. The experiment was arranged in a multi-location (oversite) design, consisted of saline irrigation (S1) and nonsaline irrigation (S0) in a raised-bed (A1) and sunken-bed (A0) planting system. The observations were done on leaf area index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, total dry weight, root length, leaf Na+ and K+ concentration, proline concentration, maturity and dry grain yield (DGY). The results showed that saline irrigation negatively affected leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and root length of rice grown at sunken-bed. However, leaf Na+ concentration and leaf proline concentrations of rice grown at sunken-bed were higher. The leaf K+ concentration decreased with increasing Na+ concentration. Although saline irrigation could accelerate harvesting age of rice grown at sunken-bed, the dry grain yield of rice grown at sunken-bed did not significantly different with that of rice grown at raised-bed
Dynamics of Storage Materials in Cotyledon During Cocoa Seed Germination
Get PDFDegradation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid food reserves occurs in the seed germination process to produce energy for germination and further growing. This study aimed to determine dynamics the content of protein, carbohydrates, and lipid in cotyledon of seed clon i.e. Sca 6, RCC 70, RCC 71 and KKM 22 during germination. The experiment used completely randomized design consisted of four replications with 4 treatments. In each cocoa germination phases i.e. before germination, phase II (bend/curved phase), cotyledon emergence, leaves emergence and fall of cotyledon from the sprouts. This observation were water content, ash content, lipid, soluble protein, total protein and carbohydrate content. The results of the experiment showed that during germination, there was an increase of water content in cotyledon from the bend phase to the leaf emergence and decrease in the phase of fall of cotyledon The highest water content was observed in the leaf emergence phase as high as 69.42%. The content of ash content, dissolved protein, total protein and carbohydrates in cotyledon fluctuated during the bend phase until the leaf emergence and increased in the phase of fal of cotyledon. ipid content has decreased from the bend phase until the fall of cotyledons. Carbohydrate levels have increased from the bend phase to the fall of cotyledons. The speed of degradation procces of seed stored material (water, lipid, protein and carbohydrate content) during germination is affected by differences in seed clones. The Scavina 6 and KKM 22 clones entered the bend phase and the realease of cotyledon.
Effects of Urease Inhibitor and Nitrification Inhibitor on the Nitrogen Losses, Physiological Activity, and Oil Palm Yield on Red-Yellow Podzolic
Get PDFNitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency can increase by adding N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and N-(n-propyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NPPT) as urease inhibitor in urea fertilizer and adding 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPP) as nitrification inhibitor in ammonium sulfate (ZA) fertilizer. The research objectives were to examine the effectiveness of urease inhibitor (NBPT and NPPT) and nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) on the physiological activity and oil palm yield on red-yellow podzolic. Field experiment was done using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) of single factor and three replications as block. The single factor was nine fertilization treatments of urea with or without urease inhibitor, and ZA with or without nitrification inhibitor. The use of urease inhibitors decreases the amount of volatilization and N loss fertilizer. The higher dose of broadcasting N fertilizer (on the same type of fertilizer) resulted in the higher amount of N loss and volatilization. All fertilization treatments did not have any significant influence to the width and the length of opening stomata, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), N concentration in oil palm leaf, Oil Extraction Rate (OER), and Free Fatty Acid (FFA). Meanwhile, The oil palms at yellow red podzolic applied with urea 195 kg/ha combined with 0.12% of NBPT-NPPT resulting in higher fresh fruit bunch productivity
The Growth, Production, and Quality of Shallot at Inland Quartz Sands (Quarzipsamments) in the off Season
Get PDFThe development of shallot cultivation at back quartz sand during rainy or off season can be considered as new innovation. The objectives of this study is to obtain shallot varieties that are adaptive in terms of the growth, production, and quality parameters. The research was conducted during off season in Palangkaraya. The experimental design used in this research is randomized block design (RBD) 4x3 with 4 treatments of varieties (Maja Cipanas, Tajuk, Bauji and Bima Brebes), and 3 replication for each treatment. The results showed that soil bulk density increased with the deepening of the soil, however soil water content decreased. Based on growth parameter, Tajuk showed the best results and significantly different comparing to Bima Brebes, with plant height consecutively 46.88 cm and 39.52 cm, number of leaves 70.7 and 35.27 and number of shoot 13.43 and 6.60. For production parameter, the weight of varieties of Maja Cipanas, Bauji dan Bima Brebes is 10 grams more than Tajuk with weight is 6,97 grams only. The produstion of Tajuk is low and not significantly different from Bima Brebes, with production is respectively 15.28 ton/ha and 13.31 ton/ha, while the varieties of Bauji showed the highest dry production of 22.4 ton/ha although it is not significantly different with Maja Cipanas that can produce 18.49 ton/ha. For quality parameter, the varieties of Bima Brebes showed the optimum results in terms of parameter of hardness of tubers and total dissolved solids (TDS) with the value of 4.9 kg /cm2 and 16,42 % respectively
Callus Induction on True Shallot Seed Explant Using a Combination of BA and 2,4-D
Get PDFBA and 2,4-D combination were commonly used for in vitro culture of Shallot (Allium cepa L. var agregatum 2n = 2x = 16) to induce callus, but there was no information for callus induction on shallot seed (TSS) explant. Callus could be utilized for in vitro selection and generating of genetic variation. The aims of the research was to identify the response of TSS (Trisula and Tuk Tuk) as explant and to obtain the optimum combination of BA and 2,4-D (mg.L-1): (0–0, 2–1, 2–2, 2–3, and 2–4) in callus induction. The research had been carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada during the year 2015-2016. Factorial treatments of variety and growth regulators were arranged in Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Data of percentage of germination, shoot height, root length, percentage of callus formation, callus weight, and chromosomes number of callus were recorded. The results showed that combination of 2 mg.L-1 BA + (1– 4) mg.L-1 2,4-D induced callus formation on TSS but inhibits shoots and roots growth. The best callus proliferation was at a concentration of 1 mg.L-1 2,4-D. Tetraploid callus chromosomes (2n = 4x = 32) was detected in Trisula grown in the 2 mg.L-1 BA + 4 mg.L-1 2,4-D, but in the Tuk Tuk callus did not detected the changing of chromosomes number
Effect of Humic Acid and Molybdate on Phosphate Adsorption in Typic Hapludult of Cigudeg, Bogor
Get PDFHumic acids containing carboxyl and hydroxyl groups that have the ability to cover the P adsorption site in Typic Hapludults. Molybdate has similarity behaviour with phosphate in theacid soils. Research aim was to study the effects of molybdate and humic acid to the kinetics of phosphate adsorption in Typic Hapludults of Cigudeg, Bogor. Important of kinetics is to get accuration of materials transport, to control influence on anion mobility, that the assessment is needed for the efficient application of Mo and P. Aplication humic acid and molybdate as competitor anion of phosphate was conducted with combination of humic acid and Mo concentration as double anions. Many models describe the kinetics for the adsorption of phosphate by soils i.e. zero order, first order, second order, and Elovich. As ststistically, there was not interaction of humic acid and molybdate on P adsorption. Application of humic acid with rate of 100 mg.L-1 was not effective decrease P adsorption in Typic Hapludults. It was due to the pH of the adsorption system that get near to its pKa of carboxyl gruop about 5. Meanwhile aplication 2 and 5 mmol.L-1 of molybdate significantly decrease of P adsorption. The second order kinetics models apropriate to the adsorptionof P in the Typic Hapludults of Cigudeg, with determination coefficients value (R2) of 0.999-1 and standard error value (SE) of 0.001–0.011.The results suggest that the molybdate as competitor anion affected the kinetics for the adsorption of phosphate due to the charge of molybdate
Genetic Diversity of Local Maize Germplasm of Tana Toraja South Sulawesi Using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) Markers
Get PDFPlant genetic diversity is an emerging variation in a crop group caused by its genetic factors. Local corn germplasm as a source of plant genes that are able to adapt to the local environment. The purpose of this research is to obtain information on genetic variation of Tana Toraja local maize germ plasm using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) marker. This research was conducted at Balitsereal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Agency in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. A total of 4 local maize populations were analyzed by laboratory experimental method with observation with NTSYS pc 2.1 program. The results showed that the average number of alleles was 3.72 alleles per locus and the polymorphism rate of 0.53 with the genetic similarity coefficient was in the range of 0.47 to 0.85. 2 main clusters formed in the genetic similarity coefficient 0.47. Klaster I is Local DallePondan and Local Purple. Klaster II is Local Bebo and Kandora. The genetic distance is in the range of 0.15 to 0.74 with an average genetic distance of 0.46. From the data obtained shows that the 4th germplasm of the population of Tana Toraja Local maize diteleti has a very informative level of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of local maize germplasm of Tana Toraja, can be used as a source of genes in the assembly of improved varieties in the future
Growth and Yield of Upland Rice Under Intercropping System with Soybean in Sandy Coastal Area
Get PDFSandy coastal area in Indonesia is potential for upland rice cultivation, but it has constraints low of nutrient availability such as nitrogen. To solve the low fertility of the sandy land can be done by planting soybean between upland rice under intercropping system due to the soybean is able to provide nitrogen in soil through fixation of N2 in the air by root nodules. Intercropping is an alternative cropping system to increase land productivity, but there is competition between crops under an intercropping system. Reducing of the competition on the system is needed by crops proportion adjustment. The objective of the study is to examine growth and yield component of upland rice at different crops proportion under an intercropping system with soybean in the sandy coastal area. The research was conducted in Samas sandy coastal area, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This research used randomized complete block design (RCBD) with one factor and three blocks. The treatment of this research was five level crops proportion between upland rice and soybean under intercropping system, namely: 100:0; 80:20; 60:40; 40:60; and 20:80, respectively. The results showed that crop growth rate and yield per clump of upland rice increased on crops proportion adjustment under intercropping system with soybean. The crops proportion of 60:40 and 40:60 gave higher crop growth rates that were 1.45 g.dm-2.wk-1 and 1.44 1.45 g.dm-2.wk-1 than upland rice under monoculture (100:0) that was 1.09 g.dm-2.wk-1. The higher crop growth rates in crops proportion of 60:40 and 40:60 were able to give better yield per clump than other that were 17.17 g and 16.46 g, respectively. The yield of upland rice was not different under crops proportion of 100:0, 80:20, and 60:40 and decreased of upland rice proportion until ≤ 40% affected the low yield of upland rice
The Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) Flower for Fruit Formation
Get PDFPlant growth regulators have a significant impact on increasing both quality and quantity of plant yield for either mixed or separated application. The research was aimed to identify the effect of spraying plant growth regulators on duku flowers for fruit formation. The research was conducted from December 2014 to May 2015 in Sijacarana Local Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) of Propagation, South Sumatra Province in Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU) Timur Regency. Duku tree used was 15 years old with the height around 10 meter. Complete Randomized Design was used with 3 replications where duku trees as the replicates. The spraying consisted of 3 single plant growth regulator treatments and 6 mixed treatments which were P1 (BAP 300 mg.L-1), P2 (NAA 300 mg.L-1), P3 (GA3 300 mg.L-1), P4 (BAP 100 mg. L-1 + GA3 200 mg.L-1), P5 (BAP 200 mg.L-1 + GA3 100 mg.L-1), P6 (BAP 150 mg.L-1 + GA3 150 mg.L-1), P7 (NAA 100 mg.L-1 + GA3 200 mg.L-1), P8 (NAA 200 mg.L-1 + GA3 100 mg.L-1), P9 (NAA 150 mg.L-1 + GA3 150 mg.L-1). Spraying was applied twice with a half dosage for each application. First application was performed about one month after flowering, and the second was one and a half month after flowering. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and least significance difference at α 5%. The measurement of parameters were carried after harvest or 3 months after treatment. Results showed that plant growth regulator positively affected duku fruit formation. GA3 treatment then was considered as the best treatment as it had a unison in fruit maturity, the highest number of fruit per bunch, weight per fruit and total fruit weight per bunch, and had the lowest number of green fruit and seed per fruit