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Navigating the social world:The interplay between cognitive and socio-affective processes in depression and social anxiety
No full textBackgroundBiased and inflexible interpretations of ambiguous social situations are hypothesized to elevate risk for depression and social anxiety via their effects on social and affective processes. Yet, empirical support for this hypothesis remains limited.MethodsThis study investigated these socio-affective pathways by having a crowdsourced sample (N = 295) complete the emotional Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence task – a cognitive task designed to disentangle interpretation bias and inflexibility. Participants also completed measures of depression, social anxiety, and various aspects of socio-affective functioning, including rejection sensitivity, interpersonal emotion regulation, negative social interactions, and social integration.ResultsNetwork analysis revealed that negatively biased and inflexible interpretations were indirectly related to psychopathology symptoms through negative social interactions and putatively maladaptive interpersonal emotion regulation strategies, such as negative feedback-seeking, excessive reassurance-seeking, co-rumination, and co-dampening. Additionally, positive interpretation bias was indirectly related to both depression and social anxiety symptoms through its negative association with rejection sensitivity.ConclusionsBy elucidating these pathways linking interpretation processes to depression and social anxiety via socio-affective functioning, this study provides a foundation for future empirical research and the development of more comprehensive cognitive-interpersonal theories of depression and social anxiety
Effects of advertising exposure duration and frequency: a theory and initial test
No full textFor advertisements to be effective, the duration of exposure to them must exceed an identification threshold—long enough for individuals to recognize the advertised product. Repeated exposures that fall short of this threshold fail to optimize learning and positive ad evaluation. This idea challenges and extends the Total Time Hypothesis (TTH), which posits that learning depends solely on the cumulative exposure time, by emphasizing the critical role of identification in the learning process and is important in view of the systematically falling advertising exposure durations in practice and the industry focus on viewability. Two controlled experiments demonstrate that ads vary in their identification threshold and that this threshold critically determines the effectiveness of repeated exposures. Controlling the total exposure time, typical ads benefit most from more frequent but shorter exposures, whereas atypical ads benefit most from less frequent but longer exposures. These findings have implications for advertising theory, research, and practice
Replication Data for: Brand advertising competition across economic cycles
No full textThis study empirically investigates how brands’ responses to competitors’ advertising actions change over the business cycle. Marketing data was made available by Prometheus, a brand performance tracker developed by Kantar Worldpanel. They cover marketing activity of 153 brands (including 15 private labels) manufactured by 27 different suppliers in six categories (bath gel, bottled water, dairy, laundry detergent, milk, and soft drink) sold in the Spanish CPG market. The data are available for 130 four-week periods from 2001 to 2010. Apart from advertising and promotion variables, for each brand, the dataset includes a survey-based metric on brand awareness over time, expressed as the percentage of respondents who indicated they know the brand, and data on brand price, or the price paid per unit (e.g., kilos, liters) by consumers in each period. This data is supplemented with data on the economic activity in Spain from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) - composite leading indicators available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-composite-leading-indicators-clis.html. This replication package contains scripts to replicate the results of a study that quantifies the advertising activity of the brands in Spain. The proprietary brand data from Kantar Worldpanel are not included in the data package because the company does not allow this
Replication Data for "Going green: Framing effects in a dynamic coordination game"
No full textReplication Data for the published paper 'Going green: Framing effects in a dynamic coordination game'. Decision-making in a (novel) dynamic coordination game that simulates ‘social tipping’ is studied. In the experiment, the game is repeated five times, which enables groups to learn to coordinate. A neutral language treatment is compared with a ‘green framing’ treatment, in which meaningful context is added to the instructions. Findings reveal that green framing significantly increases the number of successful transitions, but also reduces the group's ability to coordinate in subsequent games. Consequently, while green framing results in twice as many transitions, these are also more costly such that payoffs do not differ between treatments. In the context of environmental policy, the experiment suggests general support for ‘going green’, but it also points to green framing causing proponents and opponents to stick to their strategies reducing potential gains from coordination between proponents and opponents of environmentally friendly actions. [Description is based on the article's abstract
Replication Data for "Tax privacy concerns hamper digitization of the nanostore channel"
No full textVarious entities, such as startups, suppliers and governments, face substantial difficulties in convincing nanostore shopkeepers to adopt digital technologies. Given the informal status of nanostores, we posit that shopkeepers experience Tax Privacy Concerns from their operational records potentially becoming transparent to the tax authorities, which hampers their inclination to digitize. Through the application of a survey and vignette experiments in the field with hundreds of shopkeepers across three cities in Latin America, we find consistent evidence for the negative role of Tax Privacy Concerns, above and beyond shopkeepers' willingness to share data with various entities, trust in the government and other entities, and general privacy concerns. Further, we show that having entities that shopkeepers trust and are willing to share data with offer technological solutions does not mitigate shopkeepers' Tax Privacy Concerns and boosts digitization. In contrast, positive word of mouth that data are unlikely to be shared with the tax authorities does mitigate Tax Privacy Concerns. Overall, our findings provide novel evidence for the existence and influence of privacy concerns for operational data among microentrepreneurs, which answers calls in the extant literature to explore privacy concerns.beyond the consumer context
Delegation with strategic complements and substitutes
No full textStrategic delegation models predict that the incentives which principals set for their agents will depend crucially on whether strategies are substitutes or complements. We report a laboratory experiment to test this key prediction. Results show that, as predicted, principals choose competitive incentives for their agents with strategic substitutes, but contrary to prediction, principals do not set cooperative incentives in the game with strategic complements. It turns out that agents behave more cooperatively with strategic complements than predicted. This may explain why principals do not (have to) set cooperative incentives in this case
Mapping and increasing error correction behaviour in a culturally diverse sample
No full textIntuition often guides our thinking effectively, but it can also lead to consequential reasoning errors, underpinning poor decisions and biased judgments. Little is known about how people globally self-correct such intuitive reasoning errors and what enhances their correction. Defying prevailing models of reasoning, recent research suggests that people spontaneously correct only a few errors during deliberation; however, enhancing error monitoring and motivating further effort should increase error correction. Here, we study whether these mechanisms apply to reasoning across individualistic and collectivistic cultures (expected N = 33,000 participants from 67 regions). Participants will solve problems that elicit incorrect intuitions twice: first intuitively and then reflectively, allowing them to correct initial errors, in a 2 (feedback: absent vs present) × 2 (answer justification: absent vs present) between-participants design. The study will shed more light on the nature, generalisability, and promotion of corrective behaviour, crucial for understanding and improving reasoning worldwide
The effect of crowding level information provision on the revealed route choice of transit riders
No full textThis study relies on the unique revealed choice dataset to investigate the impact of crowding information provision on the route choices of smartphone navigation application users. Extensive processing steps are documented, and data validation is performed to ensure that the dataset is representative of the travel behavior in the Metro Vancouver region, as well as of the crowding conditions on its transit system. A mixed logit model is used for the analysis to account for the panel effect of the dataset. The estimates indicate that information about crowding has a meaningful effect on the travel decisions transit navigation application users make, with the increase in crowding lowering the chances of a route being selected. The identified effects of crowding are also comparable to the estimates that the other sources of revealed preferences on transit (like smart card records) provide. For example, it is found that the time multiplier is 2.23 for a crowded trip (100%+ vehicle occupancy) in a rapid transit vehicle like bus rapid transit or light rail, and that crowded trips on a regular bus are perceived as almost six minutes longer. The findings of this study should be of interest to both the research and the professional community, as it provides more accurate findings than those coming from stated preference surveys and simulations, which are subject to limitations like uncontrolled biases and potential errors. At the same time, it informs transit agencies about the effect of crowding information provision and can potentially facilitate the possibility of expanding that effort (e.g. ensuring higher accuracy and broader availability of the data)
Daily fluctuations in subjective age among older adults:links with stressors, positive events, and emotional reactions
No full textIntroduction: Subjective age, or felt age, refers to individuals' perception of their age compared to their chronological age. Feeling older than usual has been associated with experiencing more same-day stressors and higher negative affect. Feeling older may indicate depleted psychological resources, increasing the likelihood of interpreting everyday situations as stressful and reacting more intensely to them. Conversely, feeling younger may indicate greater psychosocial resources, enhancing engagement in and responsiveness to positive events. Methods: This study investigated fluctuations in subjective age as a predictor of same-day event occurrence (stressors and positive events) and affective responses to these events using 14-day diary data from a sample of 108 older Swiss adults (aged 65-92). Results: On average, participants felt approximately 8 years younger than their chronological age, with significant day-to-day variability (ICC = 0.69). On days when individuals felt older than usual, they reported more stressors and fewer positive events. Older subjective age was also associated with greater stress reactivity (greater upticks in negative affect and greater dips in positive affect) and more pronounced responses to positive events. Time-ordered effects showed subjective age predicting positive events, but not stressors. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of subjective age as a dynamic psychological construct potentially shaping the events people encounter and how they affectively respond to them. In addition, the lagged analyses provide evidence for subjective age as a predictor of daily event processes, but not for daily events as predictors of future subjective age, which contributes to disentangling the direction of association
Minerva’s Owl:Religion-inspired environmental skepticism. The case of Thierry Baudet
No full textIn March 2019, the Dutch right-wing politician Thierry Baudet won the provincial elections by a landslide. Baudet’s party, Forum voor Democratie (Forum for Democracy), is characterized by Euroskepticism, COVID 19 conspiracy theories, anti-immigration policies, and anti-environmental skepticism, overlayed with Christian-inspired conservatism. In his political speeches and interviews, Baudet is well-known for identifying environmental activism as a false religion whose ‘high priests’ are driving the masses into undeserved guilt. Even though Baudet’s political influence has been waning in recent years, his rhetoric is exemplary for Dutch climate skeptics, who utilize a religious vocabulary to criticize environmental activism. In this article, as a case study, I want to present an analysis of Baudet’s infamous ‘Owl of Minerva’ victory speech held in March 2019. It is not only illustrative of Baudet’s religion-inspired anti-environmental rhetoric, but the speech itself marked a turning-point in the Dutch public debate concerning the social and political acceptability of this rhetoric