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Families en criminaliteit:Een criminologische beschouwing
No full textCriminele familie's waarvan leden betrokken zijn bij vormen van zware (georganiseerde) misdaad zijn voor allerlei publieke en private partijen een bekend en hardnekkig fenomeen. Dat laatste wordt ondermeer verklaard door de aanzienlijke kans dat problemen worden doorgegeven aan volgende generaties. De vraag is dan ook hoe deze patronen kunnen worden doorbroken. Nog complexer zijn bredere criminele familienetwerken, waarvan leden samenwerken bij criminele activiteiten of elkaar indirect faciliteren. Dit artikel gaat vanuit criminologisch perspectief in op deze aspecten
The (mis)measure of misbehavior:Cross-national invariance of the youth externalizing -roblems screener across 32 countries
No full textThe present study investigated the cross-national measurement invariance of a 10-item Youth Externalizing Problems Screener (YEPS) on a sample of 17,489 adolescents from 32 countries. The original one-factor and two-factor models of YEPS were found to provide a poor fit to the data in most countries. Following the removal of two semantically overlapping items and the inclusion of correlated error terms, adequate model fit was obtained in 31 of 32 countries. Measurement invariance testing of an abbreviated 8-item YEPS (YEPS-SF) supported configural invariance. Partial scalar invariance was achieved only after freely estimating numerous parameters. The alignment analysis revealed that 22% of parameters were non-invariant across countries. South Africa, Hungary, and India showed the largest number of non-invariant parameters, whereas the lowest number was detected in several European countries. These findings highlight the potential of the YEPS-SF for use within individual countries and the challenge of developing cross-culturally comparable measures, suggesting that cultural adaptations may be necessary
National security and international economic law:Restoring balance
No full textThis book contends that existing security exceptions in international trade and investment law are either too broad—making their good faith application difficult to verify—or too narrow, potentially excluding critical yet emerging security threats. Both extremes risk undermining the balance between state sovereignty and international economic law, either by restricting states' ability to act decisively on security matters or by enabling protectionism and opportunism under the guise of national security. Unlike other proposals, this book argues that a more effective framework requires differentiating between security concerns that warrant stricter regulation and those that allow for greater flexibility. To this end, it advocates for renegotiating security exceptions and refining their drafting in future agreements. This book synthesizes doctrinal and empirical research while analyzing case studies of the US, EU, and BRICS—key economic and political players shaping global supply chains. It seeks to expand the legal framework for security exceptions, enhance WTO-UN cooperation, and encourage states to apply security measures more efficiently. By integrating interdisciplinary perspectives, this book offers valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and practitioners navigating the intersection of national security and international economic law
Regulatory strategies for energy and finance:Sustainability in a digitalised world
No full textThis open access book examines adaptive regulatory frameworks to tackle the emerging risks and opportunities of the digital transformation in the critical sectors of energy and finance.With contributions from leading experts across Europe, the book reveals how digitalisation impacts public values, policy goals, and regulatory approaches, providing comparative insights on the benefits and risks of digital transformation. Through case studies on cybersecurity, data privacy, and regulatory sandboxes, it also explores the evolving role of non-state actors.By advancing forward-looking solutions such as dynamic regulation and collaborative governance, the chapters are tailored to meet the unique regulatory needs of the critical sectors of energy and finance.Ideal for academics, policymakers, and industry leaders, the book highlights strategies for achieving sustainability, stability, and resilience while fostering innovation. For those seeking actionable insights for policy adaptation or building industry resilience, it delivers indispensable tools to navigate the complexities of today's digital economy
Daily associations between stress occurrence and memory lapses across middle and late adulthood:The potential stress-buffering role of positive sffect
No full textAdvanced age has been associated with benefits in stress reactivity. However, previous research has not investigated this advantage for daily memory functioning, which is crucial for the quality of life in adulthood. Considering the possible detrimental effects of stressors on daily memory functioning, this study investigated the relationship between stressor occurrence and memory lapses in middle and late adulthood and whether positive affect acts as a stress buffer. The sample consisted of 1,071 community-dwelling adults aged 43-90 years (M = 62.71, SD = 10.13) from the National Study of Daily Experiences. Participants completed eight consecutive daily telephone interviews assessing stressor occurrence, memory lapses (retrospective and prospective), and positive affect. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to analyze the multilevel data (days nested within people). The findings showed that participants were more likely to report memory lapses on days with a stressor compared to days without a stressor. Positive affect did not buffer this relationship, regardless of the arousal level, although higher overall positive affect was associated with fewer memory lapses. Age did not moderate this relationship. Exploratory analyses suggested that the present effects were mostly driven by retrospective rather than prospective memory lapses. These findings highlight the impact of daily stressors on cognitive functioning and underscore the need to explore modifiable factors to protect against stress-related daily memory lapses throughout adulthood
Double marginalization because of external financing: Capacity investment under uncertainty
No full textThis paper considers a firm’s investment decision determining the timing and capacity level in a dynamic setting with demand uncertainty. Its investment is financed by borrowing from a lender that has market power, generating a capital market inefficiency. We show that the firm’s investment is subject to double marginalization in the sense that the need for external financing results in a considerably smaller investment and thus, a reduction in welfare. In addition, we find that the presence of the bankruptcy option mitigates the double-marginalization effect unless the bankruptcy cost is small. The firm’s investment size is increasing in bankruptcy costs, albeit at the expense of an investment delay. Based on this, an increase of bankruptcy costs raises social welfare