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Psychopathic genes:A multi-level adaptive dynamic modelling approach
No full textThis paper investigates the role of epigenetics in the dynamics of psychopathy by designing and simulating a fifth-order multi-level adaptive network model. Understanding any disorder requires a comprehensive exploration of multiple dimensions. Therefore, this research proposes a computational model that takes into account (epi)genetic, neural, cognitive, and behavioural causal influences that generate psychopathic behaviour. It illustrates the impact of epigenetic influences on the genes MAO-A, 5-HTT, and OXTR and their consequences for other internal processes with regard to psychopathy. This paper includes a review of related literature in this research domain and the design and specifics of the adaptive network model addressing psychopathic behaviour. The model is evaluated by two simulations that show the difference in behaviour between individuals that at some point in their life develop psychopathy due to environmental circumstances and those not developing it. In addition, an extension of the model demonstrates the impact of cognitive behavioural therapy on an individual with psychopathy
The (mis)measure of misbehavior:Cross-national invariance of the youth externalizing -roblems screener across 32 countries
No full textThe present study investigated the cross-national measurement invariance of a 10-item Youth Externalizing Problems Screener (YEPS) on a sample of 17,489 adolescents from 32 countries. The original one-factor and two-factor models of YEPS were found to provide a poor fit to the data in most countries. Following the removal of two semantically overlapping items and the inclusion of correlated error terms, adequate model fit was obtained in 31 of 32 countries. Measurement invariance testing of an abbreviated 8-item YEPS (YEPS-SF) supported configural invariance. Partial scalar invariance was achieved only after freely estimating numerous parameters. The alignment analysis revealed that 22% of parameters were non-invariant across countries. South Africa, Hungary, and India showed the largest number of non-invariant parameters, whereas the lowest number was detected in several European countries. These findings highlight the potential of the YEPS-SF for use within individual countries and the challenge of developing cross-culturally comparable measures, suggesting that cultural adaptations may be necessary
AI governance and taxpayers’ rights in a digital age
No full textThis article addresses the challenges faced by tax administrations, organizations, and policymakers arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Several organizations such as the OECD, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the European Union (EU) have defined AI, however, finding a single definition is difficult. Therefore, it or its usage will be defined in accordance with the work of the organizations and taking into account the different sectors and stakeholders to which it will apply.Despite the lack of a single definition, using AI affords opportunities for tax administrations to improve compliance and communication with taxpayers. For instance, its multifaceted use in tax administration includes better taxpayer services, profiling, assessing risk of fraud, and other functions. However, there are challenges related to the ethical and legal dimensions associated with the utilization of AI.Considering the above, the main issue explored in this article is how taxpayers’ rights are influenced by the integration of AI in tax administrations. To address this question, this article is structured as follows. The first section provides an overview of the topic of AI and taxation outlining AI definitions, its unique characteristics, and its governance in taxation. Through exploring the existing literature on this topic, the authors aim to identify framework conditions that will enable the broad principles that govern AI while securing that tax authorities operate within defined boundaries, avoid overreach, and simultaneously safeguard the individual rights of taxpayers. Balance between leveraging AI for efficiency gains and preserving the principles of legality and individual rights remains central to this inquiry. The next part of the article demonstrates the relationship between AI in tax administrations and taxpayers’ rights, contextualizing the latter, highlighting their relevance and the effectiveness of the existing instruments in the protection of taxpayers’ rights in the era of AI. The article concludes with a proposal for a new framework for protecting taxpayers’ rights in the digital age
De (gedrags)normen van art. 2:8 BW:Onverminderd relevant of deels ingehaald?
No full textDe auteur heeft een proefschrift geschreven, waarin een systematische rechtspraakanalyse is toegepast om de werking van art. 2:8 BW te verduidelijken. De meest recente uitspraak in die analyse dateert van 10 mei 2023. In dit artikel staat de nadien gepubliceerde rechtspraak centraal ter actualisatie van de rechtspraakanalyse in het promotieonderzoek
The pain of suspecting and the comforts of knowing the worst
No full textWillful ignorance is often framed as a strategy for avoiding moral responsibility in social decision making. We propose a broader view: individuals also avoid or seek information in purely individual contexts as a way to regulate emotions. People may delay confronting themselves to useful, yet painful, truths, or, paradoxically, pursue distressing but useless information to relieve uncertainty. This duality reflects a strategic balance between the emotional costs of knowing and the psychological discomfort of not knowing. We review recent research illustrating how information avoidance and search serve both self-protection and moral regulation. Ultimately, willful ignorance is reframed as a dynamic emotion-regulation strategy that helps individuals navigate the tension between uncertainty, truth, and emotional endurance in both social and personal domains
Editorial to “The role of belief updating in psychopathology:Relevance, mechanisms, and clinical implications
No full textDe facto transparency?:Investigating the practice of the international court of justice
No full textThis article explores the International Court of Justice's (ICJ or the Court) use of various forms of de facto transparency, enacted beyond normative constraints. It focuses on three examples: the ICJ's online activities (website and social media), the Court's press releases and summaries of judicial decisions, and the speeches delivered by the judges of the Court, to understand the benefits and risks of these practices. While they may not all have originated with the explicit aim of enhancing the Court's image as a transparent institution, their consistent implementation has assumed that role. The article examines them from the perspective of transparency as 'accessibility', with its nuances of 'justification', 'explanation', and 'simplification'. Ultimately, the article highlights the importance of reflecting on transparency beyond formal rules, considering possible problems inherent to it, and understanding the ways in which it is (or is not) achieved
Effects of a 12-week intrinsic foot muscle strengthening program (STIFF) on gait, balance and concerns about falling in physically active older adults:An assessor-blinded randomized-controlled trial
No full textBackground: Falling is a major concern in the ageing population. Strengthening the plantar intrinsic foot muscles (PIFM) may improve gait and balance in older adults and, therefore, may have potential for fall prevention.Research question: The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of a PIFM strengthening program on gait, balance and functional outcomes in older adults.Methods: For this assessor-blinded RCT, older adults (> 65 years) with potentially increased fall risk were recruited at functional exercise classes and randomly assigned to an intervention (12-week supervised and progressive PIFM strengthening program) and a control group. The trial outcomes were between-group differences in mean change from baseline in maximum gait speed (primary outcome), balance during gait, foot and ankle biomechanics during gait and concerns about falling and within-group differences in capacity and strength of foot muscles.Results: Thirty-three participants were included. No between group differences were found for change in maximum gait speed. However, the intervention group showed a larger reduction in concerns about falling. In addition, the intervention group showed increased capacity and strength of foot muscles, but this was not related to other findings.Significance: This study did not show an effect of PIFM strengthening training on maximum gait speed in older adults who are involved in a functional exercise program. However, it seems to reduce concerns about falling. This advocates further research on the benefits of integrating PIFM strengthening exercises in functional exercise programs. In addition, future studies are needed to unravel the mechanism behind the reduction in concerns about falling
Revising beliefs in light of unforeseen events
No full textBayesian updating is the dominant theory of learning. However, the theory is silent about how individuals react to events that were previously unforeseen. We study how decision-makers update their beliefs if unforeseen events materialize, and under which conditions they revise their views about previously observed relationships. We base our analysis on the framework of "reverse Bayesianism," under which the relative likelihoods of prior beliefs remain unchanged after an unforeseen event materializes. We find that participants do not systematically deviate from reverse Bayesianism when the unforeseen changes result in a new world that contains elements of the old world. In contrast, if a regime change is possible, decision-makers eventually overhaul their model of the old world in favor of a completely different view of uncertainty