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Positive and negative emotional experiences in adolescents across 32 countries:Cross-national and gender differences
No full textDespite a growing interest in adolescent subjective well-being, cross-cultural research on positive and negative affect in adolescents has been surprisingly scarce. Moreover, a cross-cultural evaluation of affective well-being measures in adolescents has lagged behind research in adults. The present study evaluated the cross-national and gender invariance of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), using adolescent samples from 32 countries (N = 17,489; age range = 14-19) spanning five continents. The original two-factor structure of the SPANE was supported in 29 of the 32 countries. We could establish partial metric invariance of the SPANE across countries and full or partial scalar invariance across gender in 18 and 11 countries, respectively. The alignment method showed evidence for approximate invariance across countries, allowing for cross-national means comparisons of positive and negative affect. In most countries, girls reported higher levels of negative affect, and no substantial gender differences in positive affect were observed. Cross-national differences in mean levels of positive and negative affect yielded complex findings. Our results suggest that the SPANE is a solid candidate for measuring emotional experiences among adolescents in large-scale cross-national studies
Time does not stand still:Dynamics in work and the psychological contract between employer and employee
No full textOrganisaties en de manier waarop het werk is georganiseerd veranderen. Werknemers stellen andere eisen en die eisen veranderen ook in de loop van de loopbaan. Het psychologisch contract omvat de kern van de relatie tussen werkgever en werknemer. Dit artikel beschrijft de basisprocessen van de dynamische interactie tussen werkgever en werknemer over tijd. Wederzijdsheid is het basisprincipe van het psychologisch contract. Overeenstemming over wederzijdse verplichtingen en de balans daarin bepalen de effecten op het gedrag van werknemers. Omdat er verschillende fases zijn in de relatie tussen werkgever en werknemer, is het belangrijk om te kijken hoe die gepaard gaan met veranderingen in het psychologisch contract. Het artikel introduceert een model waarin deze veranderingen en mogelijke reacties van werknemers worden samengevat. Het artikel besluit met vragen voor toekomstig onderzoek
Towards credible corporate net-zero commitments?:On the role of unfair commercial practices law in contesting global value chain greenwashing
No full textCorporate net-zero commitments are voluntary, forward-looking statements regarding a company’s public commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions along its global value chain (GVC). These commitments are part of a wider set of strategies that aim at reducing the environmental impact of business operations in GVCs. Whether this particular strategy of greening GVCs can meet that goal fundamentally depends on the credibility of these commitments. Without it, critics say, the pledges amount to nothing less than corporate greenwashing. In this Chapter, I discuss the various credibility concerns of corporate net-zero commitments to identify and critically analyse the potential of unfair commercial practices laws to contest this form of GVC greenwashing. By focusing the analysis on the European legal framework, I demonstrate that such laws offer important relative benefits over other domains of private law in making the corporate commitments credible. They complement and reinforce other public and private regulatory efforts to ensure the adequacy and integrity of these pledges. Unfair commercial practices law therefore constitutes an important legal strategy for regulating sustainability in GVCs, one that corporations in the chain need to recon with when communicating net-zero targets to downstream market actors
The classical doctrine of civil war in international law
No full textIn the classical law of nations there was a doctrine of civil war. This book sets out to recover the forgotten legal tradition that shaped the modern world from 1575-1975. The result is an autonomous reassessment of four hundred years of the law of insurgencies and revolutions, both in state practice and in legal scholarship. Its journey through centuries of rebellion and the rule of law touches some of the most basic questions of international law across ages. What does it mean to stand among the nations of the world? Who should be welcomed among the subjects of international law, who should not, and who should decide? Its findings not only help make the classical doctrine understandable again, but also offer potential new insights for present-day lawyers about the origins, aspirations and vulnerabilities of the legal tradition with which they work today
Pseudo-polynomial formulations for the bin packing problem with minimum color fragmentation
No full textWe study the bin packing problem with minimum color fragmentation (BPPMCF), an extension of the well-known bin packing problem (BPP) in which a given set of weighted colored items has to be packed into a set of identical capacitated bins. Differently from the BPP, in this problem, the number of available bins is fixed and the objective is to minimize the total number of times that colors appear in the bins. After reviewing the integer linear programming models proposed in the literature, we show that one of these models, a flow formulation, shares several features with existing BPP flow formulations. We then exploit these ideas to develop three new flow formulations for the BPPMCF and demonstrate their effectiveness on a set of benchmark instances. We also outline theoretical and empirical dominance relations between the studied flow models. Finally, we empirically show how the number of color fragmentations varies when the number of available bins changes
Positive and negative emotional experiences in adolescents across 32 countries:Cross-national and gender differences
No full textDespite a growing interest in adolescent subjective well-being, cross-cultural research on positive and negative affect in adolescents has been surprisingly scarce. Moreover, a cross-cultural evaluation of affective well-being measures in adolescents has lagged behind research in adults. The present study evaluated the cross-national and gender invariance of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), using adolescent samples from 32 countries (N = 17,489; age range = 14-19) spanning five continents. The original two-factor structure of the SPANE was supported in 29 of the 32 countries. We could establish partial metric invariance of the SPANE across countries and full or partial scalar invariance across gender in 18 and 11 countries, respectively. The alignment method showed evidence for approximate invariance across countries, allowing for cross-national means comparisons of positive and negative affect. In most countries, girls reported higher levels of negative affect, and no substantial gender differences in positive affect were observed. Cross-national differences in mean levels of positive and negative affect yielded complex findings. Our results suggest that the SPANE is a solid candidate for measuring emotional experiences among adolescents in large-scale cross-national studies
Charities in the picture: the evaluation of the ANBI scheme and the government's response to it
No full textDe evaluatie van de ANBI-regeling bevat interessante onderwerpen, al is zij deels ook eenzijdig. Positief zijn naar de mening van de auteurs aanbevelingen over de regeling voor ex-ANBI’s en voor informatievoorziening. De evaluatie mist onder meer aandacht voor enige knelpunten in de uitvoering van de nuttoets, waardoor de regeling minder doeltreffend wordt. Ze bevelen aan uitvoering en toezicht beter te laten aansluiten op de oorspronkelijke ANBI-doelstellingen