Antropologi Indonesia
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Menghitung Kembali Kontribusi Perladangan Berpindah dalam Proses Penyusutan Kawasan Hutan di Indonesia
No full textIn the last two decades, deforestation - especially tropical rain forest - becomes the main issue due to the future of mankind. In Indonesia, deforestation increased from 300,000 ha/year in 1970s to 600,000 ha/year in 1980s. Some people argue that shifting cultivation plays important role in this deforestation. Yet, there is methodological constraint to obtain the best figure of deforestation caused by shifting cultivators, namely too exaggerated and unacceptable. Hence, the authors suggest some aspects that can be taken into consideration in calculating contribution of shifting cultivation to deforestation in Indonesia such as population dynamic, technological change, introducing cash crop, presence of migrant cultivator, and transmigration program
Antropologi di Persimpangan Jalan: Refleksi dari Pemahaman akan Tindakan Kaum Muda
No full textIrwan Abdullah presents his argument that the concept of deviant is no longer relevant to the analysis of the activities of young people's. An effort to understand their activities as a subordinate expression of the culture domination is appropriate. Perceiving their activities as deviant cannot be understood with Geertz's cultural concepts. He said that culture is shared values. Young people have their own way in understanding the meaning of life. Their values are not merely inherited from older generation, but the products of the reinterpretation process. The author further argues that in today's social transformation process and media becomes the great agent in disseminates a new life style. This changes is determinant in the formation process of the young people chooses
Masalah Batas-batas Bangsa
No full textIn the first part of this article, the author presents theories about the concept of nation which has been developed since the early 20th century. By presenting these theories the author aims to reveal the ambiguities of the concept of nation that has been developed by various scholars. The explanation focuses only on certain group in the society, whereas the subject contains psychological and emotional values which are difficult to be examined objectively. Another problem is the construction of the concept of nation based on more than one discourse. The author describes further the explanation of the concept of nation from the anthropological viewpoints. Malinowski relates the concept of nation to the existence of ethnic groups. Leach and Barth revise Malinowski's concept in their discussion about ethnic boundaries. Within the political and historical discourses, the concept of nation relates to the objective and subjective relations with the state as developed by Mill and Renan. In the post Second World War, the concept of nation is associated with the emergence of nation-states, the presence of social awareness of colonialism and set upon many ethnic groups as stated by Anderson. At the end, the author depicts the problem faced by the Indonesian in their efforts to maintain the existence of their nation-state and provides alternatives to solve the problem
Questions about Culture-related Considerations in Research on Cognition and Agro-Ecological Change: Illustrations from Studies of Agricultural Pests Management in Java
No full textBertolak dari pengalaman penulis dalam mengamati pelaksanaan program Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) di Jawa Tengah, penulis berargumentasi bahwa tingkah laku penduduk setempat dan pengetahuan yang melandasinya - yang dinilai relevan bagi suatu program pembangunan yang khusus atau suatu program aksi yang praktis - dapat merupakan hal yang bermanfaat untuk menjadi pokok kajian Antropologi. Dalam argumentasinya penulis menekankan bahwa tingkah laku dan pengetahuan itu dapat menjadi fokus kajian sekali pun tidak dikenali sebelumnya sebagai hal yang secara budaya dinilai tepat, secara sosial diterima atau, dalam cara-cara yang penting, dipengaruhi oleh model-model budaya yang spesifik tentang dunia yang melingkupinya. Dengan tetap menaruh perhatian pada pengaruh-pengaruh budaya, ahli-ahli antropologi dapat memberikan sumbangsihnya secara lebih baik pada program-program pembangunan seperti program Pengendalian Hama Terpadu, bila mereka tidak terperangkap pada pertimbangan-pertimbangan yang dibatasi hanya pada hal-hal yang terkait erat dengan budaya dalam menentukan pokok kajian. Sebaliknya, mereka dapat mencurahkan perhatiannya untuk secara seksama mengamati situasi-situasi khusus dalam upaya menelusuri faktor-faktor apa saja, baik faktor-faktor budaya atau lainnya, yang beroperasi sebagai faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh pada pengetahuan dan tingkah laku penduduk setempat yang relevan
Introducing MIKS: A Methodology for the Utilization of Indigenous Knowledge
No full textBertolak dari pengalamannya sebagai konsultan manajemen, penulis mengajukan argumentasi bahwa pendekatan terhadap pengetahuan lokal seharusnya mengikuti pendekatan yang dipakai seorang konsultan terhadap pengetahuan lokal yang ada pada sebuah organisasi bisnis. Penulis melihat organisasi bisnis sebagai klien sekaligus majikan, dan mempermasalahkan bagaimana konsultan melayani majikan dengan cara membantu mereka memanfaatkan pengetahuan mereka sendiri. Untuk itu ia mengajukan 'Methodology for the Utilization of Indigenous Knowledge Systems'(MIKS). MIKS mempergunakan pengetahuan klien untuk membantunya mencapai tujuan-tujuan khusus, merancang atau menemukan jenis-jenis intervensi yang dibutuhkan. Metodologi ini didasarkan pada teori bahwa tingkah laku harus dijelaskan dengan mengacu pada tujuan-tujuan yang dimaksudkan oleh pelaku-pelaku yang dipandang mampu melakukan kontrol atas kehidupan mereka sendiri. Dalam upaya mencapai kondisi yang diinginkan, pelaku mengembangkan suatu 'mental model' tentang keadaan kini dan keadaan yang diinginkan. Namun tidak semua model itu merepresentasikan realita secara tepat. Menjadi tugas seorang konsultanlah untukmemodifikasi model yang kurang atau tidak tepat tersebut, sebelum melangkah ke tahap berikutnya,yakni: melakukan intervensi. Intervensi yang baik adalah intervensi yang cocok dan 'alamiah',adaptif, 'kecil' tetapi 'katalitik', yakni memiliki efek yang lebih besar dari pada upaya yang dikerahkan
The Indigenous Muslim Minority Group In Ma’undai (Keo) of Central Flores: Between the House of Islam and the House of Culture
No full text"...[...] However, the previous studies, except for those recent studies by Fox (1984), Gomang (1993), and Barnes (1995/1996), have no great anthropological value. This paper will illustrate the struggle of the indigenous Muslims in Keo of Central Flores (NTT) to answer the quest of how to maintain their multiple self-identities both as Muslims and as indigenous people who are committed to a particular local culture. Their notion of Dar al-Islam (House of Islam) as a part of their Muslim way of life and their appreciation of the local culture expressed through the notion of a house (House of Culture), as represented by Muslim community of Ma'undai in Keo, will be the main focus of my study, with particular reference to the concept of 'house-based society' as expressed through their cult-houses or ritual houses and social organization.
The Navel of the Perahu: Meaning and Values in The Maritime Trading Economy of Butonese Village
No full text"Penelitian untuk penulisan buku ini dilakukan di tahun 1992-1993, mengambil lokasi di Desa Gerak Makmur, Kecamatan Sempelowa, Kabupaten Buton Selatan. Dalam monografi ini penulis bermaksud untuk memahami bagaimana orang-orang di pesisir Buton Selatan mengembangkan suatu jaringan pelayaran perahu dalam melakukan kegiatan ekonomi dagang. Diuraikan juga bagaimana struktur organisasi sosial khas 'ekonomi perahu' serta ritual-ritual yang menyertainya. Penulis pergi ke tingkatan abstarksi yang lebih tinggi dengan menguraikan hubungan metaforis antara perahu (boats) dan rumah tangga (households) serta antara perahu dan aktivitas politik didesa ini.
Tradisi Uli, Pela dan Gandong pada Masyarakat Seram, Ambon, dan Uliase
No full textIn a traditionally Central Moluccan communities spread over the islands of Ambon, Haruka, Saparua, Nusalaut and in particular, Ceram, any conflict between two individuals of different denomination, or between two villages of different creeds, is usually settled in very short time. Conflicts do not spur intervillage riots as the Central Moluccan islanders have a strong commitment to their Pela and Gandong alliances and principles. However, the significance alliance systems had been undermined by the influx of migrants who have settled in the residential areas. The migrants have been totally excluded from the traditional pela system. With the decline influence of the traditional mechanism of authority, the outbreak of communal violence between the sa'lam (Moslem) and thesarane (Christian) inhabitants became unavoidable. The traditional laws have been ineffective as a problems-solving mechanism. The author maintains that it is high time to seriously consider the need to revive and maintain the alliance systems, and to adjust then to the present and future circumstances
Kerusuhan di Maluku: Beberapa Masalah dan Kaitannya dengan Ketahanan Nasional
No full textKerusuhan di Maluku menuntut perhatian dan kepedulian semua pihak dengan lebih sungguh-sungguh. Betapa besar kerugian material, korban jiwa, dan penderitaan psikis dari mereka yang terlibat langsung atau tidak langsung dalam kerusuhan tersebut. Kasus-kasus konflik yang muncul kelihatannya mempunyai format yang besar, eskalasinya meluas dan cepat, kaitannya lebih kompleks dan rumit, sifatnya lebih sensitif, akibatnya pun jauh lebih menakutkan dan mencemaskan...[...] Dari hasil kajian lintas ilmu yang dilakukan oleh PRS, teridentifikasi 11 masalah. Tulisan ini akan memuat kesebelas identifikasi masalah itu. Berdasarkan keseluruhan masalah tersebut, PRS mengajukan sebuah pertanyaan sentral, yaitu: apakah kerusuhan yang terwujud di Maluku disebabkan oleh faktor agama dan suku bangsa, dan bagaimana kaitannya dengan sosial Ketahanan Wilayah Maluku, sekaligus juga Ketahanan Nasional secara utuh? 
Keterbatasan Lingkungan dan Keberingasan Sosial
No full textThe author looks into the problem of violent conflict and shows it links to a number of factors which include industrialization; crime; social, economic and political pressure; police violence and social entropy. Population pressures have led to environmental scarcity, leaving some groups with no ability to compete for resources. The larger part of the population lacks capital, as well as strategies for acquiring needed resources. These conditions invite violent conflict, as the less fortunate turn to violent action to survive. The problem is made worse by an industrialization without ethics, whereby the absence of guidelines for healthy competition increases the gap between capital holders and the larger population. At present, many of the conflicts that arise are attributed to social disequilibrium, and not to the rise in demand for basic needs. The author argues that a totally equilibrium state does not and cannot exist, even in hunter and gatherer societies that are purported to be egalitarian. Therefore, he suggests that what is needed are social institution that can guaranteed social justice, political democracy and cultural freedom instead.