Antropologi Indonesia
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Ideological War in Inclusive Twitter: #IndonesiaTanpaJIL versus Jaringan Islam Liberal
No full textIn early 2012, a civil-initiated movement called #IndonesiaTanpaFPI urged the government todisband an Islamic fundamentalist group called FPI (Front Pembela Islam) because of the violence to an Islamic minority group that FPI had commited earlier. #IndonesiaTanpaFPI heavily relied upon Twitter in organizing their movement, so when a counter-movement from the pro-FPI emerged, it was on Twitter as well; the counter-movement called themselves #IndonesiaTanpaJIL. This counter-movement believes that #IndonesiaTanpaFPI was actually initiated and organized by Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL). Since then, #IndonesiaTanpaJIL and JIL have been fighting discursively on Twitter. This article concentrates on the formation of two religious publics constituted solely by their discourses articulated, particularly the topic related to suppressed of Islamic minority groups; namely: Ahmadiyah, Syiah, and Rohingya. Through tweets interpretation by seeking incision between intention of the text and model reader (that is constructed both by online and offline interaction), the writer has identified various discourse nexuses between ITJ and JIL. Both of the religious publics articulate interesting or controversial discourses on Twitter just to grasp the audience’s attention, because in the context of ideological war the number of supporters is the only important thing to bring their discourses to hegemonic domain. Furthermore, this article shows how the logic of modernity with its obsession to ideal order is a factor that can explain the culture of exclusivity inside a social arena that was designed for inclusivity.Keywords: religious public; Twitter; ideological war; hegemony; Indonesia Tanpa JIL; JaringanIslam Libera
Bundo Kanduang: (hanya) Pemimpin di Rumah (Gadang)
No full textMinangkabau ethnic group known is very strictly implement custom of matrilineal. One of these values is male position (sumando) that marginal, because according to matrilineal custom, a man is urang asing (outsiders) in the group of women (wife families). This is expressed through the proverb bak abu diateh tunggua (like ashes on the stump). This position of course is not profitable, so that they have to negotiate with the women to strengthen “the identity of maleness" of them. It shows the politics movement of Minangkaba’s men in an effort to show and strengthen their identity. This political identity of Minangkabau’s man will be understood identity politics Minangkabau men will be understood in the case of the existence of traditional institutions. The research assumption, in Minangkabau society that embraces and strengthens matrilineal custom (women custom) was found that traditional institutions more dominated by men. While traditional institutions for women does not stand out, impress hidden, and there is no variation than bundo kanduang (the main women). This article to described how men of Minangkabau through traditional institutions reinforce the position, while the bundo Kanduang’s position only limited powers in rumah gadang alone. Moreover, bundo Kanduang understood even without any power, because bundo kanduang just as the wife of penghulu (clan leaders).Keywords: duality , political identity, Minangkabau custom, traditional institution
Kehamilan, Kelahiran, Perawatan Ibu dan Bayi dalam Konteks Budaya
No full text"...[...] Buku ini merupakan kumpulan hasil-hasil penelitian antropologis di berbagai suku bangsa diIndonesia yang berkenaan dengan masalah kesehatan reproduksi manusia. Dalam konteks nasional dan internasional, isu-isu kesehatan reproduksi sedang menjadi fokus perhatian - sejak Konperensi Kependudukan dan Pembangunan tahun 1994 di Kairo - yang utama khususnya kondisi kesehatan reproduksi perempuan yang secara umum masih memprihatinkan seperti tingginya angka anemia, tingginya tingkat kematian ibu, kerentanan tertular penyakit infeksisaluran reproduksi, resiko tertular penyakit menular seksual dan HIV/AIDS dll. Masalah yang dihadapi perempuan berkenaan dengan kesehatan reproduksinya merupakan masalah-masalah yang perlu didekati dan dipahami secara sosial-budaya sebelum didekati secara medis.
Kesukubangsaan dan Negara Kebangsaan di Indonesia: Prospek Budaya Politik Abad ke-21
No full textIn this article the author examines the problem of ethnicity and the Indonesian nation-state. He asserts that Indonesia's history is marked by the tension between the country's ideological basis - as started in the preamble to its constitution- and the structural foundations stipulated in the chapters of that constitution. Working to achieve unity in diversity through the power granted him by the constitution, Soekarno applied the geopolitics based upon the Blut und Boden Theorie. However, each and every ethnic group that was to be united met the criteria of Blut und Boden and others. The concentration of power upon the president, reinforced by the Javanese conception of power, continued with Soeharto; eventually leading to the reform movement wherein in the many smaller groups in the union have begun to speak out. The author concludes that the centralization of power of the past must be replaced by a system with broad regional autonomy. While remaining true to the principle of the constitution, the distribution of economic power among the regions serve also as a safeguard against future crisis
Kemajemukan, Hipotesis Kebudayaan Dominan dan Kesukubangsaan
No full text On the basis of Bruner's concept of a dominant culture, the author analyzes the case of Bandung, Sambas, and Ambon. By comparing the three cases, the author reveals the differences in adaptation strategies among the Javanese in Bandung, the Maduranese in Sambas, and the BBM (Buton, Bugis, Makassar) in Ambon...[...] The author argues that the dominant culture in a specific setting, with its rules and norms, should be followed by the migrants and outsiders. However, the challenges to the dominant culture can be diverse in different societies and setting. The cases in Sambas and Ambon reveal that there is a problem in the challenge toward the dominant culture in those societies. 
Pembangunan Pertanian: Pemasungan Kebebasan Petani
No full textScientific knowledge is becoming the basis for action by policy makers and bureaucratic at the cost of other knowledge systems. In this article, the authors discuss this problem and raise the issue of the more fundamental problem of local communities losing the freedom to develop their own strategies for resource management. Their argument is based upon findings from the field of agriculture. Since the Green Revolution of the 1970's, farmers have been forced to plant specific varieties of rice and use specific fertilizer and pesticides. Farmers no longer experiment with other varieties of rice, leading to degradation in biodiversity and the farmers' own local knowledge system. The problem has been somewhat alleviated by the introduction of integrated pest management, which has allowed farmers to make discoveries through observation and discussion, and to make their own decision. However, food shortages in 1997-1998 have led the government to return to programs emphasizing high production targets through a planned, top-down model for agriculture
Dapatkah Sistem Matrilineal Bertahan Hidup di Kota Metropolitan?
No full textIn this article, the author examines whether the matrilineal system is compatible with urban social environment. The case of Minangkabau migrant groups, particularly those from the village of Silungkang, West Sumatra, who now live in the metropolitan city of Jakarta,reveals the incompatability of the two. In Minagkabau region, the combination of the traditional matrilineal system and the residence pattern of duo local are backed up by the wet rice economy and the communal land rights system. In the metropolitan city of Jakarta, these factors are absent. As a result, the matrilineal system does not work. 
Between Modernity and Tradition: ‘Local Islam’ in Tidore, North Maluku, the Ongoing Struggle of the State and the Traditional Elites
No full text'Islam Lokal' orang Tidore, atau kebudayaan, hanya dapat dipahami dalam kaitan dengan roh personal, jin. Kepercayaan ini dianggap sebagai bukan Islam, terbelakang dan bukan orang Indonesia; bahkan sebagai penyembah berhala, alfuru, oleh beberapa pegawai pemerintah sipil Tidore yang berpengaruh, dan terlibat di dalam program pembangunan pemerintah. Program pembangunan tersebut mencakup aspek-aspek seperti perubahan industri perikanan regional yang bersifat tradisional menjadi industri perikanan yang bersifat modern dan melibatkan masyarakat ke dalam gotong royong desa. Perusahaan-perusahaan baru di bidang industri perikanan dan pertanian menghasilkan sebuah sistem moneter baru yang berpengaruh besar pada struktur sosial dan kebudayan lokal. Ideologi negara, Pancasila, menjadi sangat relevan dalam konteks ini. Masyarakat mulai memperdebatkan istilah Islam Pancasila, yang hanya menyembah Allah, dan Muslim yang hanya pergi ke mesjid. Menjadi modern tidak hanya berarti menjadi kaya. Ini adalah satu contoh kasus berimbasnya globalitas terhadap lokalitas. Di sisi lain, globalitas dapat memperkuat kesadaran lokalitas. Terdapat pula serangan-serangan terbuka terhadap kebudayaan sendiri yang diorganisasikan oleh para mubaliq di sekitar Ternate, yang mendukung gerakan keagamaan dalam melenyapkan rumah-rumah dan artefak-artefak roh,yang sangat menyinggung harga diri orang Tidore. Tetapi, keadiluhungan Orang Tidore lainnya yang bersifat tradisional menggarisbawahi 'bhinneka tunggal ika', serta 'menggali dan melestarikan kebudayaan setempat'. OrangTidore mendeklarasikan secara resmi bahwa 'Islam' di Tidore tidak akan pernah dapat dipisahkan dari Jin mereka. Tulisan ini mengulas perdebatan tersebut. Menyikapi hal ini, penulis berargumentasi bahwa ideologi pembangunan nasional dan negara bangsa telah mendorong masyarakat Tidore ke dalam kancah konflik dengan kebudayaannya sendiri. Gagasan 'kesatuan dalamkeragaman' hanya dapat direalisasikan, jika perbedaan dihormati dan diterima sebagai sebuah representasi sosial yang sahih dari setiap lokalitas
Penggunaan dan Penyalahgunaan Kebudayaan di Indonesia: Kebijakan Negara dalam Pemecahan Konflik Etnis
No full textThe ethnic conflict in Indonesia is a sign of huge problems facing Jakarta and local areas Indonesia, therefore the explanation for its occurrence cannot be produced without examining the central-periphery relations, which involve structural problems in constructing and maintaining power. Ethnicity, for instance, has become political commodity, which is constructed by central powers and made manifest through the concept of SARA (ethnicity, religion, race and inter-group relations). Thus, government tends to find and explain the root of ethnic conflict in ethnic cultural differences itself, whereby differences of ideology and life practices are viewed as the source of conflict. This article attempts to examine ethnic conflict by analyzing three main factors, which are first, the change in the balance of ethnic relations. Second, the imposition of a uniform politics in pluralistic society. Third, a weakening of traditional relationship and the credibility of local elites as a result of government intervention. Based on these three factors, this article concludes that ethnic conflicts are not only matters of ethnic cultural differences, but also are rooted much deeper in systematic mistakes in managing these differences and the conflicts itself ,where culture has been used for government's political interests
Cultural Hybridity in Southeast Asia: Locating What’s Local and Specific as also Comparative and Global
No full textDalam beberapa tahun terakhir, para ilmuwan yang melakukan kajian ulang tentang hubungan-hubungan antara pusat dan periferi, memunculkan pandangan baru yang melihat hubungan keduanya sebagai hubungan yang saling terkait dan tergantung. Pandangan yang mematahkan pemikiran tentang hubungan keduanya sebagai hubungan bersifat hirarkis dan satu arah itu memungkinkan berkembangnya konseptualisasi global dan lokal sebagai proses yang berkelanjutan, tanpa mengutamakan yang satu di atas yang lain. Perkembangan ini memiliki implikasi yang signifikan pada studi tentang masyarakat-masyarakat nonbarat, karena pemikiran-pemikiran itu membuka ruang teoretis yang mengakui nonbarat sebagai pencipta teori dan pengetahuan, daripada hanya sebagai perangkat-perangkat respons terhadap bentuk-bentuk universal. Dalam usaha untuk bertumpu pada orientasi itu, berbagai penelitian masa kini pada masyarakat dan kebudayaan di Asia Tenggara telah mengemukakan perlunya meninggalkan perspektif berorientasi barat dan kapitalisme. Sebaliknya, fokus perhatian ditujukan pada hal-hal khusus tentang ekonomi, kebudayaan, dan kebutuhan-kebutuhan nasional yang menjadi prioritas masyarakat dan kebudayaan itu sendiri. Berkembang minat perhatian yang semakin besar pada sejarah lokal, kebudayaan, dan struktur-struktur sosial, serta kaitannya dengan kekuatan-kekuatan nasional dan global. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pandangan yang berbeda tentang rasionalitas dan kapitalisme dalam upaya mereproduksi, menerjemahkan, dan mengubah bentuk-bentuk barat/eksternal. Tulisan ini mendiskusikan debat yang muncul dari pendekatan-pendekatan baru tersebut untuk mengkaji ulang lokal dan global sebagai kategori-kategori yang simultan dan saling terkait, yang menjadikan apa yang lokal dan spesifik itu juga sebagai yang global dan komparatif