Antropologi Indonesia
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Talking about Development in Yogyakarta
No full textDalam tahun-tahun terakhir rezim Orde Baru, debat tentang isu pembangunan banyak dilakukan, meski dengan kehati-hatian. Tidak semua debat itu memuji dan mengakui 'pertumbuhan' sebagai satu-satunya kriteria kemajuan, walaupun 'pertumbuhan' merupakan wacana yang dominan. Situasi yang dihadapi masyarakat kampung di Yogyakarta memberikan gambaran bahwa pengutamaan pada 'pertumbuhan' itu tidaklah tepat. Tulisan ini menyajikan alternatif untuk versi-versi yang lain dari 'kemajuan
‘Banda is the Blessed Land’: Sacred Practice and Identity in the Banda Islands, Maluku
No full textKomunitas Lonthoir masa kini yang menetap di Kepulauan Banda terdiri dari penduduk dengan asal usul historis yang berbeda satu sama lain. Walau demikian, mereka mampu untuk menyatakan suatu identitas diri berdasarkan karakteristik lokal yang sangat kuat. Dalam tulisan ini penulis mengkaji suatu dimensi yang penting dari situasi tersebut. Dengan memfokus pada 'praktek sakral' ('sacred practice') di Lonthoir, penulis memperlihatkan bahwa aktivitas tersebut mewujudkan suatu tatanan moral dengan sangsi supernatural. Tatanan moral ini secara efektif melarutkan setiap perbedaan di antara gagasan-gagasan religi dan adat melalui reproduksi dari sosialitas lokal, dan suatu perasaan yang hidup mengenai 'tempat' (a lived sense of place). Penulis menyatakan bahwa istilah-istilah seperti 'sinkretisme' (syncretism) atau 'agama sinkretik' (syncretic religion) tidak bermanfaat dalam memahami proses yang kompleks ini. Lagipula, di samping menyebabkan adanya suatu visi dikotomi dari modern dan tradisional, 'sinkretisme' mengekalkan suatu gagasan murni tentang kebudayaan yang acap kali menemukan ekspresinya dalam wacana 'kesukubangsaan'. Penulis mengajukan istilah 'bricolage' sebagai suatu alternatif yang memungkinkan untuk memahamidinamika dari identifikasi lokal. 
Bugis Entrepreneurialism and Resource Use: Structure and Practice
No full textTulisan ini mengkaji beragam aspek dari pemukiman Bugis, organisasi ekonomi dan pemanfaatan sumber daya yang dilaksanakan orang-orang Bugis. Kajian yang dilakukan tidaklah terpaku pada analisis struktural masyarakat Bugis, tetapi lebih pada strategi-strategi dalam memperoleh pencaharian, bertolak dari perspektif teori 'praktis'. Kelenturan dalam komposisi rumah tangga dan para pengikut melandasi kelabilan pengusaha-pengusaha Bugis dan kemampuan pemukim-pemukim Bugis untuk beradaptasi pada kesempatan-kesempatan pasar, dan kemungkinan perolehan sumber-sumber daya lokal. Proses mengadopsi pengikut-pengikut sebagai kerabat, serta orientasi pada tingkat-tingkat yang berbeda dari otonomi perrorangan dalam tahap-tahap kehidupan yang berbeda, juga menyumbang pada kelenturan kemampuan berwirausaha orang-orang Bugis. Kemampuan untuk merekonseptualisasi wilayah-wilayah yang baru dihuni sebagai tempat-tempat yang telah dikenali sebelumnya, juga menyumbang pada kesuksesan pengusaha-pengusaha Bugis di luar tanah kelahirannya. Tulisan ini diakhiri dengan mengkaji bagaimana semua faktor itu menyumbang tidak hanya pada keberhasilan berwirausaha pemukim-pemukim Bugis, tetapi juga pada keacuhan mereka terhadap upaya mengkonservasi sumber daya dalam wilayah-wilayah yang mereka kunjungi
Metode Pemahaman bagi Penelitian Antropologi
No full textAmidst the many changes in the approaches taken by anthropologists today, the author re-examines the works produced in the more humanistic tradition of anthropology. She begins with the question of whether anthropological research can be conducted with an idiographic approach. Through a discussion of Verstehen, experience and hermeneutics, and drawing from her own experiences in the field, the author argues that the methods characteristic of a more humanistic anthropology can be applied to anthropological research and remain scientifically sound
Alih Fungsi Seni dalam Masyarakat Kompleks: Kasus Liang-Liong dan Barongsai
No full textBetawi culture is filled with traditions rooted in the myriad ethnic groups that came together to form that culture in the past. Some of these traditions have on occasion been the subject of debate as to their proper origin. While some traditions have disappeared, those that are of Chinese origin have been repressed or outlawed during the past several decades. However, the author notes that since the fall of the New Order in Indonesia, performances of the Liangliong and Barongsai have been staged ever more frequently. She discussed the problem within the framework of Hobsbawm's 'invention of tradition', and goes to show how there invention of these performances is marked by a change in their functions, and is linked to a previously unacknowledged Betawi elite
Orang Kamoro: Perubahan Kehidupan dan Lingkungannya
No full textIn this article, the author describes the history of changes among the Kamoro in Mimika. Some of the changes-due to changes in their physical, social, and cultural environment-were unexpected and surprising, so that they were not ready to cope with. Consequently, there were two prominent implications in their life: the increase of consumerism behavior, and the occurrence of more frequent conflicts among themselves. In the final part, the author examines the Kamoro relationship with outsiders, of how they categorize the latter, and with whom they used to generate conflicts. Recently, conflicts mainly occur on the problems of land dispute with outsiders, and in the competition to get the 'one million-dollars' funds from PT Freeport
Antara Ikan Garopa dan Otonomi Daerah: Politik Manajemen Sumberdaya Laut
No full textThere are two arguments that have led scholars and politicians turning their attention into local autonomy issues concerning current discourse and practice of the political resource management systems in Indonesia. Firstly, it is argued that the authoritarian and centralized political and resource management systems of the New Order regime has led Indonesia to a multi crisis situation. Secondly, one of the main strategies coping with this problem is to give local autonomy to the local government and communities to develop their own ways to organize their political and resource management systems. This article challenges the arguments. Two cases of conflict concerning Grouper fishing business-using a symbolic interactionism approach-the author argues that even in the New Order era, there are some indications that local elites, and even ordinary members of the communities, practiced some sort of local autonomy. The discussed cases show that local elites and communities, with power in their hands, will not always develop an effective, just, and sustainable political and resource management systems
Kalimantan Barat sebagai ‘Daerah Perbatasan’: Sebuah Tinjauan Demografi-Politik
No full textThis paper, using a political demography perspective, attempts to reconstruct the perception of the center on the borderland of West Kalimantan and Sarawak, Malaysia. Basically there are two important views that dominating the center's perception on the borderland: 'perceived economic advantage and perceived threat'. Based on these twofold perceptions, policies and programs were implemented to serve the political and economic interests of the center. These policies and programs have generally resulted in the marginalization of border's people livelihood. Among the crucial policies that significantly changed the social and cultural dynamics of the local population is the transmigration program and the village enlargement project. These two programs represent the center's demographic engineering policy deeply rooted in the perception that the border areas should be militarily secured from various threats from abroad. The current moves toward regional autonomy and decentralization will likely provide new avenues for the local population in West Kalimantan to reassert their economic and political aspirations
Carok: Konflik Kekerasan dan Harga Diri Orang Madura
No full text“ …[…] Pengertian carok paling tidak harus mengandung lima unsur, yaitu tindakan atau upaya pembunuhan antarlaki-laki, pelecehan harga diri terutama berkaitan dengan kehormatan perempuan (istri), perasaan malu (malo), adanya dorongan, dukungan, persetujuan sosial disertai perasaan puas, dan perasaan bangga bagi pemenangnya (hlm. 184-185). Menurut hemat saya, carok sebagai media kultural untuk menunjukkan kejantanan dengan kekerasan fisik menjadi tidak jelas jika dihubungkan dengan nyelep (menyerang musuh dari belakang atau sampingketika musuh sedang lengah). Carok sebagai pembelaan terhadap harga diri yang terlecehkan menjadi 'tuna makna' kalau hanya dihubungkan dengan kehormatan perempuan. Carok bukan hanya penegakan kehormatan yang berhubungan dengan penghinaan terhadap istri, melainkan juga berhubungan dengan gangguan terhadap mantan istri yang telah dicerai, air, rumput, dan pelecehan agama. Carok dipandang oleh sebagian pelakunya sebagai suatu alat untuk memperoleh kekuasaan.&rdquo
Kendala-kendala Sejarah dalam Penerimaan Etnis Cina di Indonesia yang Multikultural
No full textIndonesia's motto (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika), like that of the United States (E pluribus unum), suggests a multicultural unity in diversity appropriate to such a large nation comprising hundreds of ethnic groups (suku bangsa). Not every ethnic group has been treated in the same way, however. Ethnic Chinese Indonesians have been classified as people of foreign descent (keturunan asing) rather than as a suku bangsa, although many peranakan Chinese families have been settled in Indonesia for centuries and have indigenous as well as Chinese ancestry. Why was itso difficult for peranakan Chinese to gain acceptance as Indonesians? Why were their counterparts, the mestizo Chinese, accepted so readily as Filipinos? The paper will consider the timing of the rise of the relevant national consciousnesses (Chinese, Filipino, Indonesian) and their interactions, as well as the policies of the relevant governments (colonial and Chinese) toward the ethnic Chinese population in the two countries. Partha Chatterjee has written about nationalist thought in the Third World as a derivative discourse. It will be argued that Indonesian nationalist thought, in its attitudes to the ethnic Chinese, has been heavily influenced by the policies and mentality of the Dutch colonial government