Antropologi Indonesia
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From a Culture of Gifts to a Culture of Exchange (of gifts): An Indonesian Perspective on Bribery
No full textMekanisme pemberian hadiah pada masyarakat Jawa tradisional berfungsi untuk membentuk dan mempertahankan persekutuan. Akan tetapi, dalam kebudayaan masyarakat Jawa modern mekanisme tersebut telah berubah menjadi alat mencapai tujuan bagi pegawai-pegawai pemerintah dan elit-elit ekonomi...[...] Sekalipun mekanisme 'hadiah' yang berdasarkan resiprositas memiliki fungsi sosial, namun perlu dicarikan keseimbangan antara norma-norma tradisional yang mendukung hubungan-hubungan interpersonal yang akrab dan usaha-usaha untuk menciptakan pranata-pranata sosial yang efektif dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. Hasil survey memperlihatkan bahwa kesadaran masyarakat Indonesia dapat membedakan antara praktik-praktik yang dapat diterima ataupun tidak secara sosial. Namun, sikap tradisional masih berpengaruh pada pergeseran perseptual yang diperlukan untuk melepaskan diri dari kebudayaan korupsi
Migrasi dan Identitas: Perantau Buton yang Kembali ke Buton Setelah Konflik Maluku 1999–2002
No full textPeople from Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, have for centuries migrated to Ambon for work, there forming one of the most prominent communities of 'pendatang' along with the Bugis. Since the beginning of the recent conflicts in Maluku, official figures indicate that over 160,000people have returned to Buton (previous population 450,000) as refugees. This paper discusses the identity of these refugees and how the term 'refugee' may be misleading. Some of the 'refugees', who often ask to be referred to as 'returned migrants', had retained strong connections with their villages in Buton while they were living in Ambon. Their integration back into Butonese society after their flight from the conflict in Ambon poses, however, a number of serious challenges, especially for those born in Ambon. Having always been called 'Butonese' in Ambon, the returned migrants are often referred to as 'Ambonese' after their return to Buton and they often find it hard to adjust to life in Buton. This paper is based on fieldwork currently being undertaken in the village of Boneoge, Buton. I will discuss some aspects of the lives of the returned migrants in Buton, including their interactions with other Butonese people, as well as some of their perspectives on their own experiences. In Buton; perspectives on their identity are thus being expressed and contested through issues such as use of local languages, dance parties, and contested land rights. Their memories of life in Ambon, and of the conflict, also play a role in their constructions of identity, and in how they respond to challenges intheir lives in Buton now. Here memory is seen as a constructive process, which is culturally influenced, structured by narratives, and adapted to a context
Seni sebagai Ekspresi Eksistensi Tantangan Kebijakan Multikulturalisme
No full textThis article illuminates the author's concern that policies of multiculturalism which reverberated around the euphoria of the reformasi era appears to be in fact a response of the New Order government policy which emphasize on 'mono-culture' policy. The author sees that is not an impossible thing that policies of multiculturalism will be trapped on primordialism and certain ethnic domination. The author builds the argument from empirical data collected from art inventions of several ethnic groups in Indonesia that illustrate there is a tight relationship between art inventions and ethnic existence identity/solidarity. Arts invention brings toward identity reinforcement, existence, and finally authority from the ethnic group. This empirical data demonstrates that arts invention brings ethnic authority not only arts authority, but also authority in political life. Studying from the data raises the concern that multicultural policies which gives freedom to culture will bring to authority formation and concentration among ethnic groups with the strong potential in creating their arts. When this happens, Indonesia will return to certain ethnic domination. Is the government ready for the possible implication of such multicultural policies
Riot Narrative: Public Sphere, Pragmatism, and (Multi) Cultural Politics
No full textPerdebatan tentang multikulturalisme di Indonesia dipicu oleh kecanggungan teori-teori kebudayaan menghadapi munculnya ledakan ruang publik dengan berbagai macam artikulasi kepentingan etnis, religius, dan sejarah. Oleh karena itu, perbincangan tentang multikulturalisme di Indonesia tak dapat dilepaskan dari percakapan dan perdebatan yang berkembang sejalan dengan makin beragamnya ruang-ruang publik di Indonesia. Dengan kata lain, multikulturalisme sebenarnya harus dilihat sebagai sebuah proses yang terjadi pada ruang-ruang publik, bukan sekedar sebuah kondisi yang menentukan suatu, dan satu-satunya, ruang publik. Sebagai sebuah proses, multikulturalisme bersandar pada negosiasi antar berbagai macam praktik sosial (social practices); sebuah proses politik kebudayaan yang tak selalu-bagi saya, justru tak mungkin-menghasilkan sebuah ruang publik homogeny dan setara seperti yang dibayangkan oleh Will Kymlicka. Berangkat dari pandangan tersebut di atas, tulisan ini mencoba menguraikan satu bentuk praktik sosial yang seringkali dipakai sebagai sebuah wahana artikulasi kepentingan etnis dan religius akhir-akhir ini. Praktik tersebut adalah penuturan kisah (story telling). Takseperti pendekatan konvensional dalam antropologi yang melihat kisah/cerita (story) sebagai wadah simbol dan struktur (a symbolic and structural repository), tulisan ini akan memperlakukan cerita sebagai sebuah media material yang dipakai oleh berbagai aktor sosial untuk meramaikan perdebatan politik kebudayaan dalam bermacam-macam ruang publik. Di pihak lain, sering kali cerita juga menjadi wahana untuk mengartikulasikan, atau membentuk, ruang publik itu sendiri. Secara etnografis, paper ini akan membicarakan sebuah tipe cerita, yaitu narasi tentang kekerasan, lebih khusus lagi yaitu narasi tentang kerusuhan yang pernah meledak di Jakarta. Diharapkan kajian etnografis ini dapat memberikan sebuah contoh tentang kompleksitas yang ada dalam pengertian multikulturalisme sebagai sebuah proses politik (multi) kultural, dan tentang perlunya etnografi mengambil jarak kritis terhadap pandangan multikulturalisme yang sekedar bersandarkan pada bentukan (form) etnisitas dan religious
Jeprut: Perlawanan terhadap Hegemoni Kekuasaan
No full textJeprut is a well-known art performance in Bandung. Its form is unusual because Jeprut does not follow the usual norms in arts performance. Therefore, sometimes its existence is not recognized as an art, but rather as a compensation for people who are not competent enough to deliver an art performance. Jeprut artists are actually conducting an indirect resistance towards the New Order's authority. There are two resistance movements showing by the Jeprut. First is the external, by doing resistance to the political situation and the second is an internal resistance, by which Jeprut is conducting a resistance towards art's existence during the New Order's regime. A study about Jeprut is confirming that an art's definition cannot be determined by only its internal aspects but also by its external ones. It means that something cannot be defined as arts just by its own existence but also by some power
Peran Perempuan dan Era Baru di Nangroe Aceh Darussalam
No full textIn the midst of prolong conflict and the delay of reconciliation, Indonesian government provides a special autonomy to the Aceh people to implement Islamic laws (sharia') in the sociopolitical realms. Yet, for Aceh women the implementation of sharia' creates discriminative regulations such as enforcement to wear jilbab and curfew for them. Many recent political policies are totally disregarding Aceh women as part of the Aceh society. Various local regulations (qanun) that proposed by local government are not gender-sensitive and put forward violence in doing conflict resolution. Local autonomy brings the oppression of women's roles in the society. Historically, Aceh women have significant roles in shaping cultural identity of Aceh society. In the past, the interpretation of sharia' recognized and supported women's leadership in the society. Hence, a new approach to put back women's public roles in order to participate in reconciliation process of the Aceh society is needed. Key words: Aceh special autonomy; Islamic laws; women's role; gender inequality 
Taman Nasional, Hak-hak Masyarakat Setempat dan Pembangunan Regional
No full textThe management of natural resources is authorized with local regulations when dealing with forest community and legal law including some parties from outside of particular forest area. The two contrasts between the local and national regulations have frequently taken place as result of conflict of interest. Therefore some questions arise: how is the development of such conservation areas meet with the local regulation or adat? Is the activity to make use of the resources by the community remains possible? To response to the question the writer would like to argue that assessment of how a national park management interact with local regulations and hak ulayat or communal rights, one should aware of the contexts of their interaction as well as the following aspects: historical, adat law, economical, institutional and the dynamic of local politics. These have to be emphasized since the national park policy in Indonesia can be seen as the manifestation of state territorialization which results in the marginalization of adat community. All parties' interests in natural resources are consider as national citizen and legally authorized to manage or exploit the resources inside the country's territory. Cases from the four national parks observed concluded that even when they live in around the parkas indigenous, they are not automatically awarded their traditional rights or access to make use of the parks. Key words: national park; territorialization; 'masyarakat adat', natural resources management. 
Antropologi dan Integrasi Nasional
No full text"...[...] Dengan tersedianya data etnografi suku-suku bangsa tersebut di atas, tahap awal daripemanfaatannya bagi Pembangunan Nasional dapat memperoleh momentumnya, meskipun dimensi, ciri-ciri khusus dan dinamikanya masing-masing masih harus diteliti dan diungkapkan. Pembangunan Nasional Indonesia melalui berbagai GBHN, Repelita dan RPJM, dan selanjutnya kelak RPJP, dilaksanakan meliputi seluruh penjuru Tanah Air Indonesia, baik Pembangunan Sektoral maupun Pembangunan Daerah. Pembangunan Nasional pada hakekatnya identik dengan Pembangunan Daerah, dalam artian Pembangunan Nasional dilaksanakan di daerah-daerah. Dalam era Otonomi Daerah saat ini, Pembangunan Daerah dalam rangka Pembangunan Nasional memperoleh ciri baru, yaitu Daerah Membangun untuk mengisi Pembangunan Nasional.
Politik Kekerasan (Para Jagoan) dan Dendam di Bali
No full textViolent tragedy in Bali has a long history. Violence during the Dutch colonial regime, until the 1965 massacre of local political violence under the "Orde Baru" occurred. Post-Reform of 1998, the tragedy of violence re-emerged in tandem with the strengthening of indigenous authority (Pakraman Village) that forced silence during the centralized authoritarian "Orde Baru" regime. Pakraman village go hand in hand with the spirit of strengthening the cultural movement (Ajeg Bali) post Bali bombings of 2002 and 2005. Within institutions of Pakraman Village, there lies pecalangan, a traditional indigenous security forces who participates in the business of security and control of new settlers in these territories. In political violence contestation and strengthening of the culture, the local-hero who has a long history of political violence in Bali plays their vital role through the mass organizations and also joined as pecalangan. This paper tried to describe the relationship between political history of violence in Bali and the pursuit of the local-hero in it. Key words: Political violence, Ajeg Bali, Pecalangan, Pakraman Village, Local-hero 
A Legal Anthropological Research Perspective on Village and Subak in Bali
No full textSubak di Bali merupakan suatu organisasi sosial masyarakat yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan norma-norma dan sistem pengetahuan orang Bali. Dalam melihat organisasi tersebut untuk dikaji dalam kajian Antropologi Hukum, hal yang harus dilakukan oleh peneliti adalah menentukan dalam konteks apa suatu institusi semacam itu dilihat. Pentingnya menentukan konteks permasalahan secara cepat bertujuan untuk menghindari penjelasan yang terlalu panjang lebar tentang keterkaitan antara sub-sub sistem dalam kebudayaan itu sendiri