Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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Novel Biomarkers for Tuberculosis: Towards Affordable and Reliable Diagnostic Solutions
No full textTuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge—a situation further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disrupted diagnosis and treatment efforts. Despite being preventable and curable, TB continues to be a major threat, ranking among the leading causes of infectious disease mortality. The unreliability and unaffordability of current diagnostic procedures underscore the need for new biomarkers and point-of-care testing solutions. Recent research has identified several potential biomarkers for diagnosing TB and differentiating between active and latent infections. This study was aimed to assess and identify a spectrum of biomarkers tuberculosis, including those for vaccine-induced protection, TB disease, TB risk, TB infection, and response to TB treatment. Article are identified from PubMed database with keyword tuberculosis, Biomarker, Diagnosis, Kit based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Biomarkers of vaccine induced protection is Rv1566-444. Biomarker of TB infection such as IP-10, IFN-γ, Ferritin and 25(OH)D; IL-1ra, IL-1β and GM-CSF; Fibronectin; HMGB1; Tpx-IgA, NCAM-1, vitronectin, CFH, Ferritin and α-2-macroglobulin; M. tuberculosis β-lactamase. Biomarkers of TB risk namely IFN-γ. Biomarker of TB infection consist of CCl6, IFN-γ, TIMP-1, IP-10/CCL19 and Ag85B. Biomarker of response to TB treatment such as IL-1β; IP-10 and suPAR. The most promising host biomarkers are IP-10 and IFN-γ, while Ag85B stands out as the most promising pathogen biomarker
Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition of Three Choline Chloride-based NADES Extracts from Pluchea indica Leaves: Ex vivo and in silico Approach
Get PDFPluchea indica (L.) Less leaves contain chlorogenic acid, which has antioxidant activity. This study aims to evaluate the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation of P. indica leaf extract obtained from three natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride (ChCl). Chlorogenic acid content in the extracts was determined by RP-HPLC. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (LPOI) was carried out using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method on rat liver homogenates ex vivo. In silico studies was carried out against three enzymes, namely cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450. The ChCl-Urea (1:2) extract of P. indica leaves contains the highest levels of chlorogenic acid (0.404%, w/w). The extract at 12.5% (v/v) gave the best LPOI value of 22.5%. Chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant in inhibiting lipid peroxidation could be influenced by interaction with cyclooxygenase-2 and cytochrome P450 inhibition in silico with binding energy values of -7.27 and -6.47 Kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, chlorogenic acid, one of the active compounds from P. indica leaves, is responsible for inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, in the future, it is necessary to investigate other phenolic chemical components from the NADES extract of P. indica leaves that play a role in this activity
The Nephroprotective Effect of Andrographis Paniculata Ethanol Extract Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Nanoparticles on Vero Cell
No full textSambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) comprises andrographolide, a compound characterized by inherently low bioavailability. Consequently, it is formulated into nanoparticles to enhance its pharmacokinetic profile. Andrographolide ables to fight free radicals that cause cell death. This study was conducted to determine nephroprotective activity of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based Andrographis paniculata nanoparticles in vero cell line. Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles (50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) were tested for cytotoxicity and nephroprotective activity. Nephroprotective tests consisted of acute nephroprotection, chronic nephroprotection, and recovery tests using concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 ppm. The protective effect was tested by administering nanoparticles, followed by H2O2. The recovery effect was tested by administering H2O2, followed by nanoparticles. All tests were carried out using the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl tiazol-2-il)-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method and data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles (50 – 1000 ppm) did not have any toxic effect on Vero cell line. Nanoparticles provide nephroprotective activity based on concentration-dependent trend. High concentration nanoparticles (500 ppm) were able to provide better acute protective effect than vitamin E. Nanoparticles 500 ppm provided a better recovery effect (p<0,05) than vitamin E, but the chronic protection effect was lower than vitamin E. it can be concluded that Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles with concentration of 500 ppm provide effective nephroprotective activity against H2O2-induced toxicity in Vero cells line
Gnetum gnemon L. Seed Hardshell Nanoextract, A Potential Biomaterial for Oral AntiAging through Sirtuin-1 Induction
No full textThe seeds of Gnetum gnemon L. widely referred to as melinjo, enclosed within a distinctly tough outer shell, have attracted interest due to their remarkable anti-aging capabilities. Nevertheless, despite this potential, their practical therapeutic use is limited by their naturally low solubility and restricted bioavailability. To tackle these pharmacokinetic issues, the current study utilized an environmentally friendly nanotechnology approach, specifically high-energy ball milling, to create nanoparticles from the hard shell of the seeds. This technique significantly amplifies the surface area of the bioactive particles, thus improving their absorption and efficacy within biological systems. The resulting nanoextracts were comprehensively characterized and subsequently assessed through in vivo anti-aging tests and acute oral toxicity evaluations. UVB-irradiated rats served as a biological model for simulating aging, with nanoextracts administered at doses of 36, 72, and 144 mg/kg over a duration of 12 weeks. The results demonstrated a statistically significant, dose-dependent rise in the expression of SIRT1, a crucial regulatory protein associated with cellular longevity and aging mechanisms. Notably, an acute toxicity evaluation at a dosage of 5000 mg/kg affirmed the safety of the nanoformulation, with no discernible toxic effects noted in the test subjects. These results highlight the promise of G. gnemon seed hardshell nanoparticles as a feasible and safe natural alternative for anti-aging therapies. The implementation of sustainable nanotechnology not only enhances the delivery and effectiveness of phytochemicals but also corresponds with the increasing demand for environmentally friendly biomedical advancements aimed at fostering healthy aging
Health Impact of Unauthorized Medicine Sales in an Industrial Distribution Center
Get PDFKhlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, has been recognized as a national distribution center for several kinds of goods. The public problems in this industrial district could impact the health of people across Thailand. This study aims to prioritize the medicines-related problems affecting people’s health. A multimethod design was employed in this study. First, the public problems affecting people’s health were surveyed by the division of consumer protection, department of pharmacy. Second, disease burden was analyzed via the hospital database. Third, an interactive multivoting process was conducted to prioritize public problems affecting people’s health. In 2019, 48.5% of grocery stores (11 out of 24) sold Ya-Chud (including NSAIDs and steroids). Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding was the leading cause of hospitalization. The incidence rate of GI bleeding, average LOS, and average cost of inpatient admission from 2020--2022 were 51.55 per 1000 people, 8 days per admission, 538.47 USD and 45.45 per 1000 people, 4.5 days per admission, and 464.55$ USD, respectively. Multiple reports indicate that buying medicines, especially NSAIDs, from grocery stores without pharmacist care is the most important problem affecting people’s health. A master plan for addressing medicines-related problems focusing on Ya-Chud is needed. Linkagesamong stakeholders’ databases, including community hospitals, community leaders, and private sectors, should be developed to serve the plan
Characteristics and Economic Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Older Adults with Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review
Get PDFSeveral pharmacist interventions were carried out to enhance medication safety and effectiveness, but not all are cost-effective. This review aimed to investigate the characteristics and the economic impact of pharmacist intervention for older adults with chronic disease. Articles published from January 2013 to June 2023 were retrieved from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. After applying the PICO strategy, a total of 13 studies were included, and the studies without cost evaluation were excluded. The quality of the studies was assessed using the CHEERS checklist. Pharmacist intervention for geriatric patients included medication review, patient-centered care approach intervention, and multidisciplinary collaboration care. The follow-up ranged from 10 days to 36 months. Among the five cost-utility analyses (CUA), four indicated negative incremental total cost, meaning the intervention outperformed the control group. Subsequently, two cost-benefit analyses (CBA) showed benefit-to-cost ratios ranging from 3.3 to 6.2. The cost savings on medication ranged from €37.57 to €232 per patient in a year. This review suggested that pharmacist intervention in both outpatient and inpatient settings could decrease the risk of adverse drug events (ADE), enhance clinical outcomes, improve quality of life, and cut down on medication expenditure for older adult patients. Almost all investigations concluded that pharmacist intervention has a beneficial economic impact. Evaluating the economic impact of a large-scale intervention requires further study with more precise estimates of overall intervention cost and rigorous methodology applied to economic evaluations of initiatives
The Effect Formulation on The Activity of Catechins as A Sunscreen and Skin Lightening
Get PDFCatechins are found in many plants, one of which comes from gambier. The stability of catechins which is affected by pH and temperature also affects the activity test after being made in dosage form. This study aims to see the effect of catechin formulations in the form of gel and nanoemulsion on the activity of sunscreen and skin lightening. Tests carried out in vitro included antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method and B16F0 cell viability against catechins, determination of Sun Protecting Factor (SPF), Protection grade UVA (PA), tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition using the spectrophotometric method of catechin formulas in the form of gel and nanoemulsion dosage forms. The results showed that catechins have very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 16.421 µg/mL, not toxic to B16F0 cells up to a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Catechins gel and nanoemulsion dosage forms have good stability during storage. The formulation had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the value of SPF, PA, percentage of tyrosinase, and melanogenesis inhibition. Catechins in the form of nanoemulsion formulation provide better sunscreen and skin lightening activity than those in gel dosage forms
The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy And Self-Care Activity On The Quality Of Life In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Get PDFCurrently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the main causes of increasing morbidity and mortality throughout the world. COPD is a disease that lasts a long time and is progressive and difficult to cure completely, so it has a bad impact on the quality of life. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase maximum therapeutic management in managing the disease, one of which is self management such as increasing self-efficacy and self-care activity. This research aimed to determine the relationship between self efficacy and self-care activity on the quality of life in COPD patients. The method used in this research was cross-sectional involving 150 participants who had been diagnosed with COPD. This research used the SCES (COPD Self Efficacy Scale), SGRQ (ST.George's Respiratory Questionnaire), and WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Bref) questionnaires. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square test. The results of this research showed that the majority of COPD patients at the Labuang Baji Regional Public Hospital of Makassar had low self-efficacy and self-care activity, which caused the quality of life of these COPD patients to be poor or bad. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-care activity on the quality of life in COPD patients, with a significance value of p<0.05
Formulating of moringa oil microemulsion used Surfactant Poly Ethylene Glycol 40 Hydrogenated Castrol Oil and Co-Surfactant of Glycerin
No full textMoringa seed oil contains oleic acid that benefits the skin. It has anti-inflammatory and skin moisturizing properties. Increasing effectiveness: Moringa oil is made into a microemulsion. The microemulsion system consists of Moringa oil, S-mix (Polyethylene Glycol 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil as a surfactant and glycerine as a co-surfactant), and water. The microemulsions are formulated by a titration method and create a pseudo ternary phase diagram with S-mix (Surfactant: Co-surfactant) at 3:2, 1:1, and 2:3. The most optimized moringa oil microemulsion formulation was subjected to characterized such as organoleptic properties, %Transmittance, pH, viscosity, stability, particle globule size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PdI). The construction of a pseudo-ternary phase diagram and the titration methods constituted a suitable technique for preparing microemulsions, as most formulations were transparent. It was found that S-Mix (1:1) has a broad area with the oil phase in the range of 4.0% - 8.3%, S-Mix in the range of 48.0%-66.7%, and water in the field of 25.0-48%. The pH is in the range of 5.91-7.64. Meanwhile, the viscosity is in the range of 60-992cPs. The decline in oil and S-mix concentration reduces the pH value and viscosity. They are stable after the thermodynamic test, freeze-thaw cycling test, and after being kept at room temperature for one month. According to these findings, the microemulsion of moringa oil using PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil and Glycerine formulation might serve as a suitable drug delivery system
The Effectiveness of Tempuyung Leaves' (Sonchus arvensis) Water Fraction in Preventing Inflammation in a Rat Model of Acute Gouty Arthritis
Get PDFGouty arthritis is inflammation of the joints that occurs in conditions of chronic hyperuricemia resulting in the deposition of monosodium urate crystals. The management of gout arthritis will emphasize both the acute and chronic phase and the initial drug options for gouty arthritis are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and colchicine. However, administering chemical drugs can cause various risks and side effects, so alternative treatments are needed, one of which is using herbal medicine. Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) is a plant that is often found and easily cultivated in Indonesia, the water fraction of tempuyung leaves contains flavonoids, which can inhibit the pathogenesis of gout arthritis Therefore, this study examined the role of tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) in preventing gouty arthritis by analyzing the effectiveness of tempuyung leaf fractions in inhibiting the inflammatory cascade. Both the quantitative and qualitative research were done. This research was carried out from March to December 2023 in the Animal House Laboratory, Basic Medical Chemistry, Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Special Laboratory for Anatomical Pathology, Barokah Palembang, Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, and PT Laboratory. Garuda Malang Wing Mission. This research is an experimental study using experimental animals (in vivo) with a post-test control group design. Just as well as colchicine, the water component of tempuyung leaves can reduce inflammation in gouty arthritis. It is desired that more research on the toxicity test of tempuyung leaf water fractions can be conducted in the future to ascertain the safety of these fractions