Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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Formulation of Cinnamon Essential Oil (Cinnamomum burmannii) and Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Nanoemulsion-Based Liquid Soap
Get PDFSoap is a cosmetic that acts as a cleaning agent, to protect the body from various diseases, such as skin diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. One of the bacteria that causes infection is Staphylococcus aureus. The eugenol content in cloves and cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon can inhibit the growth of bacteria. This research aims to determine the liquid soap formulation based on a nanoemulsion combination of clove and cinnamon essential oils that meets the physicochemical characteristics and its activity in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus bacteria using the diffusion method. The research results showed that clove and cinnamon essential oils had antibacterial activity, with the concentration of clove essential oil used being 2% and cinnamon essential oil 3%. Then it was formulated into a nanoemulsion with a composition ratio of Tween 80 and PEG 400 as the most optimal surfactant and cosurfactant of 40:10. The nanoemulsion is formulated into liquid soap where the nanoemulsion combination of clove and cinnamon essential oils is added to the liquid soap base. The resulting liquid soap has good physicochemical properties and meets the requirements
Fortification of gotu kola (Centella asiatica (l) urban) gummy candy with sancha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis l.): antioxidant activity and formula development
No full textNutraceuticals have been widely used in society to increase the awareness of health through the demand for health supplements. Reactive oxygen species are one of the compounds that trigger inflammation in body cells, causing tissue damage and leading to neurovascular disease. Some products that have been sold commercially for gotu kola and sacha inchi oil are limited to capsules, soft gels, and virgin oil. To improve consumer acceptance, the combination of gotu kola and sacha inchi oil (SIO) potentially be formulated as gummy candy. This research aims to identify the optimum sacha inchi oil and pectin proportion in the gummy candy formula and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the substance, both alone and after being combined. The antioxidant assay using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was evaluated through a radical scavenging method. By using Simplex Lattice Design tool in Design Expert software eight formulas were prepared. Gummy candy’s physical attributes were evaluated using a Texture Profile Analyzer (TPA). The study suggests that gotu kola extract exerts strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 38.44 µg/mL) while the combination of sacha inchi oil and gotu kola still exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 100.83 ± 2.16 µg/mL The studies showed that different compositions of sacha inchi oil and pectin significantly affect gumminess, chewiness, springiness, and cohesiveness. The optimum formula has 7.3% of sacha inchi oil and 0.33% pectin. The study suggested that sacha inchi oil incorporation could be used as an alternative to fish oil in the development of gummy candy supplements
Recent Options for COVID-19 Treatment: Conventional Therapy, Herbal Medicine, and Stem Cell-Based Therapies
Get PDFA range of pharmacological therapies have been explored for COVID-19 patients, yet substantial practical and clinical gaps persist. Current COVID-19 treatments remain largely pharmacologically driven and are primarily based on empirical data. Common therapeutic agents include histamine antagonists, antibiotics, antivirals, and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, the specific mechanisms of action and potential long-term side effects of these agents remain insufficiently understood. This narrative review examines the efficacy and safety profiles of promising novel therapeutic approaches for COVID-19, including herbal medicines and stem cell therapies, based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research. We utilized PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, applying search terms such as “COVID-19” AND “Herbal Medicine” OR “Stem Cell Therapy” OR “recent therapy” AND “efficacy” OR “safety” to identify relevant studies. This review presents clinical findings on the efficacy, safety, and indications of select recent therapies. Our results indicate that newer pharmacological therapies, herbal medicines, and stem cell therapy demonstrate high potential efficacy and safety for managing active COVID-19 infection and may also help prevent multi-organ damage post-infection. Further in-depth studies are required to assess additional therapeutic modalities that may serve as compelling candidates for future COVID-19 treatments
Sociodemographic Differences in Parental Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination for Children Aged 6–11 Years in Indonesia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
No full textCOVID-19 remains a critical public health challenge, particularly for children, despite their lower mortality rates. Vaccination is essential in controlling COVID-19, yet coverage among Indonesian children aged 6–11 years remains suboptimal. Understanding parental acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination and related sociodemographic factors is crucial for enhancing vaccination rates. This study investigatesthe association between sociodemographic factors—including parental age, relationship to the child (mother or father), marital status, number of children, child's age, religion, educational level, occupation, field of work (healthcare or non-healthcare), monthly income, and primary COVID-19 information source—and parental acceptance of vaccination for children aged 6–11 in Indonesia.Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected through an online questionnaire from 400 parents across Indonesia. Sociodemographic data and vaccination acceptance were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. The results revealed a high parental acceptance rate of 93.5% for COVID-19 vaccination Marital status (p=0.003) and number of children (p=0.018)were significantly associated with acceptance, with married parents 2.673 times more likely to accept vaccination for their children than single parents. Other sociodemographic factors showed no significant association with vaccination acceptance.These findings highlight the influenceoffamily structure onparental acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. Understandingsociodemographic influences can guidetargeted public health initiatives. Future vaccination campaigns should account forfamily dynamics and address potential barriers to ensureequitable vaccination access and strengthencommunity resilience
Erratum: Addendum to "The Effects of Duration of Fermentation on Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Isoflavones of the Germinated Jack Bean Tempeh (Canavalia ensiformis)" that was published in Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (Volume 34 No.3)
No full textThe original version of this article did not include the complete affiliation details. The following addition has been made to the first author's affiliation: “Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.”. © 2025 The Author
Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Antiplasmodial Activity of Steroid Compound from Sponge Hyrtios reticulatus
Get PDFHyrtios reticulatus is a type of sponge that has antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 variants. However, there has never been a report on the isolation of antiplasmodial substances from Hyrtios reticulatus. The objective of this research was to isolate and structure elucidation of antiplasmodial compound from Hyrtios reticulatus. The chloroform fraction from ethanol extract was partitioned by column chromatography with a ratio of n-hexane to ethyl acetate of 5:5 v/v and was purified using preparative thin-layer chromatography. Then the result was identified and characterised using spectroscopic method. The antiplasmodial activity was studied in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 using micro method. The purified compound was white crystal with (λmaks) at 235 nm and was identified with UV-vis spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum showed that the isolate had functional hydroxyl (OH) groups, aliphatic C-H bond, C-O bond, vanillic C-H bond, and carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C). The result of the mass spectrometry analysis of the purified compound showed a molecular weight of 414 g/mol. The H-NMR, C-NMR, DEPT, COSY and HMBC spectrum and the spectral analysis revealed the presence of a compound of β-sitosterol and it had antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and FCR3 with IC50 17.76 ± 2.86 µg/ml and 12.03 ± 1.60 µg/ml
Expression and Purification of Recombinant Envelope (rE) Protein of Dengue Virus in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with Computational Analysis
Get PDFDengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) caused by the Dengue Virus has become an endemic problem in countries with tropical and subtropical climates, thus categorizing it as a global challenge. One molecular biology approach for DHF prevention is through vaccination. A protein-based recombinant vaccine approach can be employed by utilizing the Envelope protein (E) of the Dengue Virus, as this protein is an ideal target as a vaccine candidate. This study optimized the gene sequence of recombinant Envelope (rE) coding for the recombinant Envelope protein (rE), followed by in silico testing of protein characteristics and structure modeling. The obtained results revealed that the rE protein exhibited instability index, aliphatic index, and isoelectric point values of 32.14, 75.08, and 7.17, respectively. The Ramachandran plot analysis indicated that 95.4% of amino acid residues were within the allowed region, while 4.7% were within the disallowed region, demonstrating the accuracy of the in silico protein modeling for rE. Consequently, the in silico testing results demonstrated that the rE protein possessed a stable and high-quality structure. The rE gene was then inserted into the pET-15b vector plasmid for subsequent expression using the Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expression host system. Positive Escherichia coli colonies carrying the rE gene were induced with 1 mM IPTG. The expression results were analyzed using SDS-PAGE, followed by purification using a Ni-NTA column, and further analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. The research findings demonstrated the successful insertion of the recombinant pET-15b-rE plasmid into E. coli BL21(DE3). The rE protein, with a size of 50.68 kDa, was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), as evidenced by the SDS-PAGE analysis showing a band within the 50-60 kDa range. In conclusion, this study successfully achieved the expression and purification of the recombinant Envelope protein (rE) of Dengue Virus in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)
Radiolabelling and In Silico Evaluation of 131I-Pentagamavunone-0 for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Compounds
Get PDFCancer is the most common cause of death, with the burden increasing in recent years. Conventional treatments have caused cancer cells’ resistance to drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a radio-labeled theranostic compound such as penta-gamma-vunone (PGV), which significantly suppresses cancer cell growth. In this experiment, the synthesis of [131I]I-PGV-0 compound was done by using the standard Chloramine-T (CT) iodination method with some parameter optimizations, such as the quantity of CT oxidizer and sodium metabisulfite reducing agent, time and temperature of reaction. The radiochemical purity of these compounds was determined using thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, and the stability of the radiolabeled compound was also assessed in HBSS medium. Results showed that the highest radiochemical purity (RCP) of [131I]I-PGV-0 (99.83%) was obtained at the CT amount of 25 µg. Stability study revealed that, at the high RCP, this compound was stable for 16 days in cold storage. Molecular docking studies indicated that the radioiodination of PGV-0 enhances binding affinity by interacting with crucial amino acids within the kinase domains of EGFR, HER2, AURKA, and PLK-1
The Potential of Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for the Expression of Dengue Virus' rE Gene with pEGFP-N1 Vector in HeLa Cells
No full textDengue virus (DENV) infection remains a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of effective preventative strategies. DNA vaccines hold great potential for addressing viral infections, but they often face challenges in gene delivery. Chitosan nanoparticles have emerged as a biocompatible, non-toxic carrier for enhancing DNA delivery. This study evaluates chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery system for the recombinant envelope (rE) gene from the four DENV serotypes. The pEGFP-N1-rE plasmid (N1-rE) was transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α, with colony PCR, restriction analysis, and sequencing confirming accurate gene insertion. N1-rE was complexed with chitosan nanoparticles at various DNA mass ratios (wt./wt.), with optimal complex formation at a 1:0.5 ratio as confirmed by gel retardation assays. The complex exhibited stability against DNase I and fetal bovine serum and non-toxicity to HeLa cells, with 91.24% cell viability. The chitosan-DNA complex had an average size of 217.4 nm and a zeta potential of -21.9 mV. Confocal microscopy, RT-PCR, and qPCR analyses confirmed successful transfection of the N1-rE/CH complex into HeLa cells, with fluorescence detection, a 134 bp amplicon, and a 10.63-fold increase in gene expression, respectively. These results highlight the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as an effective delivery platform for targeted gene delivery, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches against DENV infection
The Bioinformatics Analysis and Single-chain Fragment Variable Expression for Detection of Indonesian Dengue Virus NS1 Antigen
No full textDengue hemorrhagic fever is a major global health challenge, the effective management of which requires early and accurate detection. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has been shown to be a potential biomarker which offers a diagnostic window from the first day of infection. This study aims to explore the diagnostic potential of a modified antibody engineered as a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) for specific NS1 detection in DHF cases in Indonesia. The interactions between scFv and NS1 DENV Indonesia were analyzed using computational approaches, which include molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The successful docking and subsequent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments confirmed the binding of the scFv to NS1. In silico approaches complemented experimental data, which provided valuable insights into potential scFv-NS1 interactions and guided targeted diagnostic tool development. The use of scFv as a specific tool has the potential to overcome the current limitations in sensitivity observed in NS1 detection in Indonesia. In this study, the modified scFv was produced in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) host recombinantly, hence offering advantages over conventional antibodies. To conclude, our study offers a promising avenue for early and specific NS1 detection in DHF cases using modified scFv. The combination of computational analysis with experimental validation underscores the significance of a multidisciplinary approach in developing innovative diagnostic tools. To establish the clinical utility of scFv as a reliable and cost-effective diagnostic tool for DHF, further investigations and clinical assessments are necessary. This advancement may have far-reaching implications in the fight against dengue and other infectious diseases