Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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Anti-Aging Activity of Xylocarpus Granatum Phytoextracts and Xyloccensins K Compound
Get PDFCellular aging is promoted by the deleterious effect of free radicals. This can be lowered by antioxidant treatments. Xylocarpus granatum and its compound, Xyloccensins K have been reported to have antioxidant activity but there have been no reports of antioxidant and anti-aging activities at the cellular level. Thus, the aim of this study to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging properties of X. granatum-derived extract and Xyloccensins K at a cellular level in yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Four vegetative and three generative parts of X. granatum organs including root, stem, leaf, twig, seed, flesh of fruit, and peel of fruit were extracted using 70% ethanol by the maceration method. Whereas, Xyloccensins K was obtained from seed of X. granatum. The samples tested, other than peel of fruit, prolonged cell longevity in lower concentration as compared to that without phytoextracts treatment. Also, our data indicate that all samples could promote oxidative stress tolerance phenotype, as yeast was capable of dealing with H2O2-induced oxidative stress treatment at 1, 2, and 3 mM H2O2 with the best phenotypes by the administration of twig extracts. Most of the phytoextracts showed an increase in mitochondrial activity, except that of seed extract. The result showed the administration of Xyloccensins K compound did not increase the expression of transcriptional factors of oxidative stress response gene cluster, sty1 and pap1. We suggest that the Xyloccensins K compound acts as direct Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenger. Thus further study in elucidating the phenomenon of longevity-induced X. granatum extract is required
A Comprehensive Review on the Biomarkers of Bone Remodeling in Vitamin D Deficiency
Get PDFVitamin D (Vit.D) has been well regarded as one of the essential micronutrients for several biological functions in humans, including bone structure and function. The deficiency of Vit.D due to various environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors affect bone remodeling, including bone mineralization and resorption. Consequently, several changes occur in the level of biochemicals which are implied in bone remodeling, either directly or via secondary pathways. Intriguingly, the levels of these biomolecules are hypothesized to have a strong association with the prognosis of Vit. D deficiency (VDD) related health complications. However, the precise association of various bone turnover-derived biomolecules with VDD-related effects are largely elusive. Thus, the in-depth understanding of specific associations of VDD and bone mineralization, would establish novel bioanalytical approaches for early detection and devise alternative strategies to provide symptomatic clinical support to VDD patients. Hence this review collates the available literature to elucidate the association of various bone resorption biomarkers and their relevance to VDD
Immunomodulatory Effect of Petroleum Ether Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) In Vitro
Get PDFBengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) contains phytosterol and the isoflavone daidzein, which are thought to have immunomodulatory activity. There have been no studies reporting on the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extract containing polar and semi-polar compounds, such as phytosterols and isoflavone-like compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extracts, including petroleum ether extract (PEE), methanol extract (ME), and the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of bengkoang, in vitro. The immunomodulatory effects of PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang were determined according to the phagocytic activity of macrophages based on phagocytosis of latex beads, lymphocyte proliferation, and detection of cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Results: The phagocytic index and phagocytic capacity of ME, PEE, and EAF of bengkoang on macrophage cells were significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas lymphocyte proliferation was unchanged compared with the control (p > 0.05), and ME of bengkoang enhanced the levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. In contrast, PEE and EAF of bengkoang decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared with the control group. All of the bengkoang extracts decrease the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In conclusion, this study showed that PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang could increase the non-specific immune response (phagocytic activity) but had a lesser effect on the specific immune response (lymphocyte proliferation). The ME of bengkoang acts as an immunostimulant by increasing the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and decreasing those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10
Therapeutic Importance of Curcumin with a Special Emphasis on MDR Cancer Cells and the Factors Influencing Pharmacodynamics
Get PDFCurcuma longa or turmeric is a plant that is used as a spice and as a phytoconstituent in many formulations from Vedic age. Curcuminoids are the most important Phyto constituents present in turmeric with various pharmacological activities. The present study reveals various pharmacological activities of curcumin with special emphasis on MDR cancer cells. The curcuminoids are the Phyto constituents showing potent activity against neurological disorders, cardio vascular diseases, auto immune disorders, Metabolic disorders, cancer, inflammatory diseases, Skin allergies and disorders. This review give emphasis on anticancer activity of curcumin and its possible mechanism of actions. Many studies revealing that various formulations and combination therapy of curcumin is increasing its bioavailability and there by effective against various diseases. This review is lighting to a treasure buried inside the soil a potential therapeutic agent without side effects
Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for the Prediction of Radical Scavenging Activities of Fish oils
Get PDFPatin fish (Pangasius micronemus), Gabus fish (Channa striata) and Bandeng fish (Chanos chanos) are the freshwater fish that are widely cultivated in Indonesia, fish oils extracted are believed has antioxidant activity. The goals of this study was (1) determining antioxidant activities using radical scavenging activity (RSA) 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), (2) classifying of fish oil from different species and extraction method using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) and predicting antioxidant activities of fish oil from different species and extraction method using FTIR spectroscopy combined principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square regression (PLS). The results exhibit radical scavenging activity (RSA) of patin fish flesh oil (maceration dried samples using chloroform) giving highest RSA (23.57 ± 0.14). PCA and CA succesfully classify of fish oil from different species and extraction based on PC1 - PC2 score plots and grouping into 4 groups based on dendogram. Optimal PCR method were obtained from second derivative spectra at wavenumbers region 1440 – 1741 cm-1 with highest R2 (0,9794), lowest RMSEC (0,737), and lowest RMSEP (0,927) in calibration and validation models. From this study we can concluded FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics can be classifying and predicting antioxidant activity of fish oil from different species and extraction method successfully
Evaluation of Anticancer Bioactive Compounds and Cytotoxicity of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix Dc.) Callus Extract Post Preservation
No full textPrevious studies have shown that kaffir lime extract is toxic to breast cancer T47D cells. To increase the bioactive compound's production for traditional cancer medicine raw material, we induce kaffir lime callus in vitro. One strategy to continuously produce kaffir lime callus is by using callus preservation. Our preliminary study used two preservation methods of callus, which are stored in 4 0C with or without alginate encapsulation. However, low temperatures and alginate encapsulation can be stress factors for plants, affecting the production of bioactive compounds and their anticancer ability. This study's objective was to determine the bioactive compounds of callus with and without preservation and their effect on the cytotoxicity against cancer cells. GC-MS detected the bioactive compounds in the extract, and cytotoxicity of callus against breast cancer (T47D), and non-cancer cell (Vero) is tested using MTT method. The results showed that preservation in 4 0C with and without encapsulation caused a change in bioactive compounds' profile. The change mainly precursor compound in callus, after being preserved and recultured, then changes into intermediates or final compounds, indicating the difference in growth phases. The terpenoid compounds detected after preservation are squalene and geranyl linalool. However, Kaffir lime callus extract pre and post preservation are not cytotoxic to both cancer and non-cancer cells. Therefore, the preservation method did not act as an elicitor to callus
The Effect of Aqueous Fraction of Clinacanthusnutans (Burm.F.) Extract Microcapsules on Rat Blood Glucose Level
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease marked by hyperglycemia. Diabetes also can be caused by oxidative stress. The administration of antioxidants, whether it’s from food or supplement can inhibit the formation of free radicals. Clinacanthus nutans is reported to possess various medicinal properties including blood glucose lowering effect, alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity, antioxidant activities, anti-cancer properties and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on research Clinacanthus nutans leaf extracts fractions has several shortcomings, amongst them are its viscosity that gave difficulties in formulation and its astringent and bitter taste that made it hard to use orally. To overcome these shortcomings, microencapsulation can be used. The purpose of this research is to find the blood glucose level lowering effect of the aqueous fraction of microcapsules and to find the effective dose on fructose and fat-induced Wistar strain rat. The induction using fructose and high-fat feed for 55 days was applied. Rats were divided into 8 groups: normal control (aquadest), negative control (Arabic gum and maltodextrin), positive control (metformin), dose I 15,89 mg/ kgBW (microcapsule of aqueous fraction of Clinacanthus nutans extract), dose II 31,78 mg/ kgBW, dose III 47,67 mg/ kgBW, dose IV 63.56 mg /kgBW, and dose V 79.45 mg/ kgBW. The result showed that the microcapsules of the aqueous fraction of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f) extract could lower Wistar strain rat blood glucose level in the dose of 15.89 mg/kg of the rat’s body weight
Antibacterial Peptides from Tryptic Hydrolysate of Ricinus communis Seed Protein Fractionated Using Cation Exchange Chromatography
Get PDFAntimicrobial peptide (AMP) peptide-based lead compound has become interesting target in developing new antibiotics. AMP is possibly generated through the digestion of protein. The protein of castor (Ricinus communis) seed is characterized as a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) that can be a source of AMP. The objectives of this research are to identify antibacterial peptides from Ricinus communis seed protein hydrolysate. The seed protein was isolated using sodium dodecyl sulfate and subsequently digested using trypsin. The hydrolysate was fractionated using a strong cation exchange chromatography system, and the resulting fractions were tested for antibacterial activity. The peptides present in the active fraction were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry. As the result, the pH 4 and pH 5 fractions of the elution buffer indicated antibacterial activity, with the pH 4 fraction of the hydrolysate having high activity against both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Three peptides that have the sequences EESETVGQR, GQSTGTGQQER, and LDALEPDNR could be responsible for the activity of the pH 4 fraction. The antibacterial activity of these peptides, which is due to their ionic properties and secondary structure, supports the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. It can be concluded that Ricinus communis seed protein hydrolysate contains peptides with sequence EESETVGQR, GQSTGTGQQER, and LDALEPDNR that potent to be used as AMP lead compound
Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 1-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-Pyridine-2-Yl-Propenone (AEW-1) Compound
Get PDFChalcone compounds and some n-hydroxychalcone compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Chalcone derivatives 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridine-2-il)-propenone showed a stronger bond to the COX-2 enzyme than 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-pyridine-2-il-prophenone, 2′,5′-dihydroxychalcone, 4-chloro-2′, 4′-dihydroxichalcone, and several NSAIDs when they were tested for molecular docking computing using MOE software. It shows that compounds 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridine-2-il)-prophenone. Computationally have better anti-inflammatory activity. Synthesis of compounds was by reacting 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone and pyridincarbaldehyde (without solvent, K2CO3 catalyst) under microwave radiation (radiation strength of P6 / equivalent to 41oC) within 4 minutes. The purification used ethanol washing: aquadest (10:90) and ethanol recrystallization. The structure of the synthesized compound was determined by mass spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis), infrared (IR), 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, and 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (HMQC, COSY, and HMBC). Anti-inflammatory activity test used rat foot edema method, which was induced by carrageenan. The structural elucidation showed that the compound synthesized was 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-(3-pyridine-2-il)-propenone. The compound has a red color, a melting point of 190oC, and a purity of 94% by liquid chromatography. The compound had % DAI (Percentage of Anti-Inflammatory Power) of 50.05 ± 16,244 which was not significantly different from % DAI of ibuprofen (57.22 ± 20.134) (p> 0.05)
A Review on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, and Toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Essential Oil
Get PDFMyristica fragrans Houtt., commonly known as nutmeg, is an Indonesian indigenous dioecious evergreen tree which contains 5-15% volatile oil. The oil is usually produced from the seed or mace. Nutmeg oil has been extensively utilized in aromatherapy, natural medicine, and the perfume industry. This article provides an overview of the chemical compounds, biological potency, and toxic effects of nutmeg essential oil compiled from recent literature (2000–2020). Nutmeg oil mainly comprises monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Several reports on gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis of nutmeg oil showed that there were 27–38 chemical constituents detected at various concentrations. Many secondary metabolites of nutmeg oil reported to show biological activities that possibly substantiate its utilization in natural medicine. Numerous studies reported the biological activities of this volatile oil such as antioxidant, analgesic, antiinflammation, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and anticancer activity. But large intake of nutmeg oil could cause intoxication which is shown through symptoms in cardiovascular, central nervous system, anticholinergic, and local effects in the stomach. These symptoms are mainly attributed to the effect of myristicin, safrole, and elemicin overdose. This updated review paper intends to attract more attention to nutmeg oil and its potential to be developed into a medicinal product for the prophylaxis and therapy of diseases