Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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Anti-Inflammatory Action of Indonesian Black Garlic (IBG) Ethanol Extracts in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells
Get PDFIndonesian Black Garlic (IBG) ethanol extracts is a new type of fresh garlic product, produced at high temperature and humidity. IBG has active antioxidant activity. Thy study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory actions of IBG in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The cells were cultures and treated with different concentrations of IBG (50 to 1000 mg/mL). The cell counting kit-8 assay showed that IBG was not toxic up to 400 mg/mL. IBG significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Futhermore, IBG is shown to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, this is evident from the decreased expressions of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, NF-kB, and TNF-α in mRNA expressions and also on protein level. The results suggest that IBG can be used to prevent or cure inflammation-related diseases
Toxicity of Legiayu incense as Insecticide and Larvicide Against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Mortality
Get PDFCommunity-based DHF vector control has been implemented in Indonesia but has not yet obtained optimal results. Thus, in the community choosing synthetic insecticides to control disease vectors. However, irregular and excessive use of insecticides has a toxic effect and resistance to mosquitoes. Burning mosquito coils and incense containing synthetic dyes and fragrances have the potential to reduce environmental quality. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the toxicity of Legiayu incense as an insecticide and larvicide against Aedes aegypti mosquito mortality. The research design is experimental with a completely randomized design. Testing was conducted by providing exposure to smoke and ash of Legiayu incense five times on twenty-five Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA, LSD, and probit test. The test result as insecticide value (p=0.000) effective exposure for 20 minutes with a durability of 6 hours. The test result as larvicide value (p=0.000) effective exposure for 24 hours. Thus, exposure toismoke and ash of iLegiayuiincense has a very noticeable effect on the mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Exposureito Legiayu incense smoke obtained an LT50 value of 0,9012 ≤ 5 (super toxic category) with a time of 15 minutes 39 seconds, coefficient determination of 99.24%, and correlation coefficient of 99.62% while exposure to the ash of Legiayu incense obtained LT50 value of 0,05896 ≤ 5 (super toxic category) with time 19 hours 15 minutes 34 seconds, coefficient determination and correlation coefficient of 100%. Histopathological test results showed that Legiayu incense smoke did not cause tissue degeneration, necrosis, hyperplasia, and metaplasia in the lung tissue of mice (mus musculus) within a period of 12 weeks. Thus, Legiayu incense is effective as insecticides and larvicides against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Legiayu incense has potential substitute for mosquito repellent coils, temephos, and synthetic incense circulating in the market
FTIR-based fingerprinting combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Sonchus arvensis leaves extracts of various extracting solvents and the correlation with its antioxidant activity
No full textSonchus arvensis, the local name for tempuyung, is acknowledged to have many biological activities, including the antioxidant activity. This study aimed to cluster the leaves extracts based on the extracting solvent and to determine the functional groups significantly contributing to the antioxidant activity. From the water, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% ethanol, and absolute ethanol extracts, we analyzed the total phenolics content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), antioxidant activity (DPPH method), and the FTIR spectra. The 70% ethanol extract exhibits the highest total phenolics and the highest antioxidant activity. The extracts were grouped based on the extracting solvent using the principal component analysis (PCA) with 95% total variance from its principal component 1 and 2. The partial least square (PLS) regression was employed for finding a functional group from the antioxidant constituents present in the sample extract. We predicted by PLS regression that the –OH and the C-O groups are attributed to the phenolics that give a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of the S. arvensis leaves
Cytotoxic Activity, and Molecular Docking of Indole Alkaloid Voacangine and Bisindole Alkaloid Vobtusine, Vobtusine Lactone from the Indonesian Plant: Voacanga foetida (Blume) Rolfe
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to isolate and test its cytotoxic activity starting from extract fraction and its isolate compound, then carried out molecular docking to confirm the potential biological activity of ligands (vocangine, vobtusine, and vobtusine lactone) against inhibition proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1), activation protein Bax and activation of apoptotic execution protein Caspase-3. This research is an experimental quantitative study using column chromatography and HPLC methods in the isolation process, MTT assay in determining the cytotoxic activity, and molecular docking in determining the prediction of apoptotic mechanism. The cytotoxic activity of VFB-DA, VFB-DB, VFB-BuOH, VFB-DB4 fractions, voacangine compounds, vobtusine are very strong. while vobtusine lactone is moderate cytotoxic activity. The docking score for voacangine, vobtusine, and vobtusine lactone compounds against Bcl-2 is -9.93; -10.07; -9.03 kcal/mol, against Bcl-xl is -9.77; -11.69; -9.76 kcal/mol, against Mcl-1 is -10.70; -10.77; -9.53 kcal/mol, and for Bax is -8.99; -6.87; -6.99 kcal/mol, as well as against caspase3 is -12.05; -12.21; -12.02 kcal/mol. The cytotoxic activity of voacangine, vobtusine, and vobtusine lactone compounds is thought to cause cell death by suppressing Bcl-2 activity; Bcl-xl; and Mcl-1, increased Bax activity and increased caspase3 activity
Potential Vaccine Targets for COVID-19 and Phylogenetic Analysis Based on the Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein of Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 Isolates
Get PDFRecently, the world is facing the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2 and the number of infected patients is increasing every day. Researchers are doing their best to find the most effective treatment to tackle this deathly virus. Several approaches had been proposed to be tested in the lab for the efficacy but none of them are qualified to be use as the treatment of the COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design a vaccine based on epitope, which were obtained from the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N protein). In addition, 38 samples of SARS-CoV-2 Isolates were being retrieved from the GISAID Database and NCBI GenBank. Later on, these samples will be used for checking the evolutionary relationship of the SARS-CoV-2 and also, to determine whether this nucleocapsid proteins are well-conserved (less or even no mutations occur at all) and whether there was any evolutionary relationship between the recent coronavirus with the previous coronavirus by conducting the phylogenetic analysis. Then, we wanted to see the molecular interaction between the human BCR/FAB receptor with the predicted peptides through the molecular docking process. All of the peptides were generated by the IEDB analysis tools and have already been tested for the antigenicity, so the one that was being docked are the peptide that has antigen properties. Based on the analysis that had been done, we would like to recommend the PEP1 as an epitope-based peptide vaccine candidate to deal with the SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks
Influences of Centella Asiatica and Curcuma Longa on Arterial Stiffness in a Hypertensive Animal Model
Get PDFThere is a strong relationship between arterial stiffness and high blood pressure. Arterial stiffness increases the risk of a cardiovascular event and sudden death, especially in hypertensive patients. This study aimed to determine the effective combination of Centella asiatica and Curcuma longa on arterial stiffness in hypertensive animal models. Twenty-five male rats aged 2-3 months were randomly into five groups. The groups comprising the negative control and positive control group (receiving drug carriers), the test drug group receiving captopril 2.5 mg/kg, the combination of Centella asiatica (CA) and Curcuma longa (CL) doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. Except for the control group, all groups received a high-fat diet and 25% fructose drinking water for 28 days. On day 15, they received test medicines. On days 0, 14, and 28, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as well as the PWV (pulse wave velocity), were assessed. Nitric oxide levels in serum were measured using Griess reagents on day 28. The results showed that a combination of CA and CL doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure accompanied by a decrease in PWV and a statistically significant increase in serum NO levels (p <0.05). It concluded that a combination of CA and CL has the potential as antihypertensive, improving arterial elasticity
A Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Isolated From Ethyl Acetate Extract of Lansium Domesticum Fruit Peel
Get PDFLansium domesticum (fam. Meliaceae) contains various compounds with various biological activities. Based on the previous research, extracts from several parts of the plant have biological activity. This study aimed to isolate a compound from the fruitpeel of L. domesticum and evaluate cytotoxic activity against T47D, WiDr and HepG2 cell lines. Powdered peels were macerated with ethyl acetate and the filtrate was evaporated to give EtOAc extract. Dried extract was triturated with n-hexane to give n-hexane soluble fraction (A) and insoluble fraction (B). The fraction B was separated using vacuum column chromatography (VLC) with mobile phase n-hexane: ethyl acetate and given 5 fractions. Fractions B3-B5 were combined and separated using VLC with n-hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phase. This VLC separation gave 18 subractions, subfractions 6-9 with the similar TLC profile were combined. This subfraction was separated further using preparative thin layer chromatography to give compound 1. The Isolated compound (1) appeared as liquid. The chemical structure of 1 was identified acoording to spectroscopic data and comparison with literature. Cytotoxic bioassay was performed on T-47D, WiDr and Hep G2 cell lines in a series of concentrations at 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5µg/mL, with Doxorubicine used as positive control. According to spectroscopic data, compound 1 was identified as 2-ethyl,3-(1’-hydroxy-2’-menthene) propenal, and demonstrate the strongest cytotoxicity against T-47D cell lines (IC50=39.18+1.54 µg/mL)
Medication Nonadherence: Implications for Patient Health Outcomes in Pharmacy Practice
Get PDFThe primary objective of this review is (1) to better understand the prevalence and impact of medication nonadherence, (2) to identify risk factors for medication nonadherence, (3) to understand the association between nonadherence and its implications on patient health outcomes in pharmacy practice, and (4) to study interventions designed to improve patient adherence to prescribed medications for medical conditions, considering its impact on both medication adherence and patient health outcomes. Narrative review design by critical analysis of the literature of published paper-based journal articles were manually sorted. Additional references were obtained from citations within the retrieved articles. This narrative review surveyed the findings of the identified articles with data extracted to presents various strategies and resources on medication nonadherence related to patients and healthcare providers. Out of 121 published articles, only 64 articles have been considered according to surveyed identified articles to determine both subjective and objective medication adherence measures. The research in this field needs advances, including improved design of feasible long‐term interventions, objective adherence measures, and sufficient study power to detect improvements in patient health outcomes. Current methods of improving medication adherence for chronic health problems are mostly complex and ineffective so full benefits of treatment cannot be realized. To date, monitoring of patient medication adherence and use of interventions to improve adherence are rare in routine clinical practice.
 
Application of FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Calibrations for Analysis of Chloramphenicol and Hydrocortisone Acetate in Cream Samples
Get PDFAnalysis of chloramphenicol (CL) and hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) in cream samples using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy. The objective of this study was to develop FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibrations for effective analysis of CL and HCA in cream formulation. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied for determining the actual value of CL and HCA. Cream samples containing CL and HCA were scanned using FTIR spectrophotometer employing attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique. FTIR-ATR spectra were subjected to several optimization including wavenumbers selection and derivatization for quantitative analysis. The results showed that the optimum prediction model for correlation between actual values of CL and HCA as determined by HPLC and FTIR-predicted values was obtained using first derivative FTIR spectra at wavenumbers of 1500-1000 cm-1. The R2 value for calibration and internal validation for CL and HCA was > 0.9 with relatively small RMSEC (root mean square error of calibrations), RMSECV (root mean square error of cross validations) and PRESS (predicted residual error sum of squares) values. External validation of CL and HCA models produced R2 > 0.98 with RMSEP values of 0.6501 and 1.0041, respectively. The results of CL and HCA assay using HPLC and FTIR spectroscopy were compared resulting non-significant results (p > 0.05) for these two methods. FTIR spectroscopy in combination with PLS can be used as a rapid and reliable analytical method for determination of CL and HCA in cream formulation
Antiangiogenesis Activity Study of Awar-Awar Leaf Ethanolic Extract (Ficus Septica Burm. F.) By Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Method
No full textCancer is one of the biggest causes of death after cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, alkaloid content of awar-awar leaf extract (Ficus septica Burm. f.) is reported to exhibit cytotoxic activity in several cancer cells. This research aims to identify the antiangiogenesis activity and potential of awar-awar leaf extract (Ficus septica Burm. f.) on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryo inducted with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Awar-awar leaf extract was obtained by the maceration method by using ethanol 70%. CAM was cultured in ex ovo and then angiogenesis induced by bFGF and treated by using the concentrated extract of 0.013; 0.00975; 0.0065; and 0.00325 mg/mL. From now on, the observation was done macroscopically and microscopically. Macroscopic observation result shows that an inhibition occurred at the concentration extract of 0.013 mg/mL or equal to 62.30%, 0.00975 mg/mL or equal to 51.37%, 0.0065 mg/mL or equal to 28.42%, and 0.00325 mg/mL or equal to 13.11%. Meanwhile, the microscopic observation result shows that the higher concentration of the extract, the growth of new blood vessels is decreased, demonstrated by the reduced erythrocyte density, parallel blood vessel pattern, and looser cellular density mesenchymal tissue. Moreover, the statistical analysis result shows that the increasing concentration of extract could increase the inhibition of new blood vessel growth (p <0.05). So, awar-awar leaf ethanol extract can be used as an antiangiogenesis agent in CAM of chicken embryo induced with bFGF by ex ovo