Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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Cocrystals of Cefixime with Nicotinamide: Improved Solubility, Dissolution, and Permeability
Get PDFCefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with poor solubility and permeability. The aim was to compared between Dry Grinding (DG) and Liquid-Assisted Grinding (LAG) methods to formed cocrystal of cefixime with nicotinamide. Cocrystal was prepared in 1:1 molar ratio and was characterizated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Cocrystal properties such as solubility, dissolution rate, and permeation rate were evaluated. The solubility test results obtained: 0.420 ± 0.016 (cefixime); 0.675 ± 0.016 (cocrystal 1:1 LAG); and 0.632 ± 0.016 (cocrystal 1:1 DG). The dissolution test results obtained: 186.55 ± 4.18 (cefixime); 232.83 ± 4.07 (cocrystal 1:1 LAG); and 228.82 ± 10.07 (cocrystal 1:1 DG). The permeability test results obtained: 153.58 ± 31.94 (cefixime); 306.22 ± 77.81 (cocrystal 1:1 LAG); and 211.44 ± 22.90 (cocrystal 1:1 DG). Cefixime can be formed into cocrystal with nicotinamide by DG and LAG methods according to the results of characterization using DSC, FTIR, SEM, and XRD accompanied by the increasing solubility, dissolution, and permeability. Cocrystal 1:1 LAG showed better result compared to cocrystal 1:1 DG
Medication Persistence to Lipid-lowering Agents As A Cost-saving Opportunities on Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Indonesia
No full textMedication persistence is known to reduce acute coronary syndrome (ACS) disease mortality. As much as 13% of Indonesia's budget on national health insurance programs was used for cardiovascular disease. The number of population-based studies discussing the cost-saving opportunities of medication persistence in ACS patients undergoing percutaneous coronary syndrome (PCI) is still minimal. This study aimed to investigate the estimated cost saving of persistence to lipid-lowering agents in patients with ACS after their first PCI. Hospital-based, retrospective cohort study with 2 years of follow-up was conducted with 367 patients. Patients were deemed as having medication persistence if the gap between prescriptions was ≤ 30 days. Persistence assessment was done for lipid-modifying agents (WHO ATC Code: C10). The main outcome is cost-saving opportunities assessed by dividing the difference in total costs resulting from medication persistence with the difference in the proportion of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) prevented by medication persistence. The study found that direct medical costs incurred by persistent patients were significantly lower than non-persistent patients with lipid-lowering agents (IDR 9,535,209.76 versus IDR 15,933,959.28). Persistence to lipid-lowering therapy can prevent one MACE incident with cost-saving of IDR 996,192.41 when compared to non-persistence patients, while one MACCE incident can be prevented with cost-saving of IDR 733,103.02. Our study indicates that among ACS patients who underwent their first PCI, medication persistence with lipid-lowering agents can contribute to cost-saving in preventing one MACE or MACCE event. These data will be useful for policymakers to help budget allocation and reemphasize the important role of medication persistence with lipid-lowering therapy in the management of ACS after PCI
HPLC tracing of sennosides and quality control study of laxative herbal medicine “Al-Halol”
Get PDFAl-Halol is a famous herbal recipe, formed of senna and supportive herbal remedies. It is distributed widely in the herbal markets of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and other Gulf countries. Al-Halol is prescribed for intestinal evacuation and treatment of different forms of constipation. The aim of the present study was to deal with the quality control (QC) status of three different formulations of “Al-Halol” (Lax-1, Lax-2 and Lax-3). A simple method was designed for isolation of crude sennosides fraction from standard senna leaves and utilized for HPLC tracing of sennosides in the tested herbal medicines along with several qualitative and quantitative QC tests. The present study revealed tentatively the presence of 3.6 % senna pods, 29.1% senna leaves and 22.6 % senna leaves as principle material in Lax-1, Lax-2 and Lax-3 respectively, percentage of intestinal motility in mice was also determined as 28.4%, 65.19% and 60.73% for Lax-1, Lax-2 and Lax-3 respectively compared with negative control (54.78%), and positive controls (i.e. senna leave extract = 81.2 %, and bisacodyl =76.7 %). There was a statistically significant difference between all groups (p value < 0.001), except between standard senna leaves extract and bisacodyl and between Lax-2 and Lax-3 extracts. However, great variations have been recorded between the different samples. The present work provides a simple method for isolation and HPLC tracing of sennosides in senna drugs. It is the first time for evaluation and QC study of these laxative herbal formulations
The Implementation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics for the Authentication of Patin (Pangasius micronema) Fish Oil Emulsion
No full textPatin fish oil (PFO) contains a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has beneficial effects on the human body, such as preventing various cardiovascular diseases, maintaining body fat composition, and aiding in human brain development. PFO can be developed as patin fish oil emulsion (PFOE) and used as a dietary supplement. Given its beneficial value, PFOE is at risk of being adulterated with -quality oils. Therefore, authentication is crucial to guarantee its quality and safety. However, authenticating PFOE is difficult because its physical appearances are masked by the emulsion component. This study aims to authenticate PFOE using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Adulteration models were prepared using palm oil (PO) as an adulterant. All samples were analyzed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy at 650–4000 cm-1. Chemometric techniques such as discriminant analysis (DA), partial least square regression, and principal component regression (PCR) were adopted for . Results showed that DA successfully discriminated PFOE from the adulterant. PCR within the normal spectrum of 1004–2936 cm−1 produced the best values of 09846 highest R2cal, 0,9073 R2pred, 0,0565 lowest root mean square error of calibration, and 0,1330 root mean square error of prediction. Therefore, FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics is a rapid, accurate, and suitable method for distinguishing pure PFOE from PO adulterant.
 
Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) Inhibitory Activity and HPTLC Profile of Asplenium Nidus, Diplazium Esculentum, and Drynaria Quercifolia in Bukidnon, Philippines
Get PDFDiplazium esculentum, Drynaria quercifolia, and Asplenium nidus are among the fern species found in Bukidnon, Philippines which are used as traditional herbal medicines. The HPTLC profile and the anti-inflammatory properties against cyclooxygenase (COX) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) of the frond ethanolic extracts of D. esculentum, D. quercifolia, and A. nidus were determined. The High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profile was obtained using ethyl acetate: formic acid: water (16:2:2) as mobile phase and Natural Products (NP) as derivatizing reagent. The HPTLC profile of the D. esculentum, D. quercifolia, and A. nidus extracts showed 10 (Rf = 0.02-0.97), 13 (Rf = 0.03-0.90), and 14 (Rf = 0.02-0.99) bands, respectively. The profiles for each fern species may be used as marker for quality evaluation and standardization of herbal formulations containing these plants. For the anti-inflammatory properties, D. esculentum and D. quercifolia extracts which inhibited more than 50% of the COX enzymes showed significantly higher activity than A. nidus and were considered active against COX-2 and COX-1. D. esculentum, however, gave a selectivity ratio (COX-2/COX-1) of 1.03 making its inhibitory activity selective against COX-2. The percent 15-LOX inhibitory activity of D. quercifolia (58.62%) is significantly higher than that of A. nidus (38.70%) but statistically comparable to D. esculentum (51.19%). Among the extracts, D. quercifolia and D. esculentum which inhibited more than 50% of the 15-LOX were considered active. D. esculentum and D. quercifolia can therefore be potential sources of anti-inflammatory lead compounds for future drug development.  
Evaluation of Clinical Outcome of Antipsychotic Therapy in Schizophrenic Patients in Palu – Indonesia
Get PDFSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by psychotic episodes. The first line of treatment for schizophrenia is the use of antipsychotics that is still subjective. There is still a need for research related to the use of antipsychotics to achieve effective treatment. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the First-Generation Antipsychotic (FGA) haloperidol, trifluoperazine and risperidone antipsychotic therapies as Second-Generation Antipsychotic (SGA) based on symptom reduction using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Excited Component (PANSS-EC) method in patients with acute schizophrenia and relapse hospitalization. This research used a quantitative analysis with a prospective approach where the sampling was conducted using total sampling and the data obtained were analyzed using independent t-test and linear regression analysis. There were 40 out of 120 patients who met the inclusion criteria, consisting of patients in groups of haloperidol, trifluoperazine and risperidone therapies with a therapeutic duration of 3–10 days. The results showed that the average PANSS-EC score of haloperidol medication of 15.35 was greater than that of trifluoperazine medication of 14.42 and the p-value showed no significant difference between the use of FGA, haloperidol and trifluoperazine with p = 0.190 (p> 0.05). The average PANSS-EC score of haloperidol medication (FGA) of 15.35 was greater than that of risperidone (SGA) of 13.6 and the p-value showed that there was a significant difference between haloperidol and risperidone with p = 0.027 (p< 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed p = 0.022 (p< 0.05) which means haloperidol showed the greatest symptom reduction among the three antipsychotic medications
The Influence of Implementation of Health Promotion Model Precede-Proceed Towards Growing Child, Nutritional Status, and Quality of Life of Children
Get PDFQuality of life (QoL) is a broader concept than merely measuring morbidity and mortality. The quality of life of the child is an important factor in determining the human resources (HR) in the future and requires serious attention. District worthy of children is a comprehensive structure based on the study that PRECEDE-PROCEED model principle to assess health needs to design, implement, and evacuate health promotion programs. This research aims to determine the influence of implementation health promotion model PRECEDE-PROCEED towards growing children, nutritional status, and quality of life in children's. This research is a quantitative observational study using research design of retrospective cohort studies. The target population is all toddlers aged 2-4 years. The study of the population of this study is all toddlers aged 2-4 years old who reside in the village worthy of children (districts exposed) and ordinary villages (groups not exposed) in the region of Sleman regency. Sampling using multistage random sampling techniques, 350 respondent were district exposed and not exposed. The results showed that the quality of life of the children was directly affected by growth children (b=0.043;SE=0.092;p<0.001), nutritional status (b=0.01;SE=0.126;p<0.001), mother's education (b=0.112;SE=0.031;p<0.001), Number of siblings (b=0.043;SE:0.058,p<0.001), and family consultation center (b=0.261;SE=0.058;p<0.001). Conclusion of this study is QoL of the children is directly affected by growth children, nutritional status, mother's education, number of siblings, and family consultation center
Delivery of Potential Drugs to The Colon: Challenges and Strategies
Get PDFColon-targeted drug delivery systems have been exploited to treat local diseases in the colon, systemic delivery of protein and peptide, and chronotherapeutic drugs. The upper gastrointestinal tract restricts the effective delivery of these drugs. Therefore, several strategies are needed for targeted drugs directly to the colon, such as pH-sensitive polymers, enzyme-sensitive polymers, bacterially degradable polysaccharides, time-dependent polymers, and particulate systems. However, variable physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract in individuals cause combinations of these strategies are needed to ensure colonic delivery of the drug. This review presents and discusses several potential drugs and their approaches used to design and develop colon-targeted drug delivery systems for medications with particular characteristics
The Pharmacognostic Standards, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities, and Hepatic Safety Profile of An Indonesian Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation
Get PDFThe excessive oxidative processes and the lack of cellular antioxidative mechanisms are significantly observed in diabetes. In addition, long-term medication required for the treatment might harm the hepatic tissues. This study evaluated the selected pharmacognostic characters, antioxidant activities, total phenolic content, and the hepatic safety of a polyherbal formulation containing seven plant constituents used by Klinik Wisata Kesehatan Jamu Kalibakung, Tegal, Indonesia, to treat diabetes patients. The pharmacognostic properties of the formulation were characterized according to the WHO quality control methods for herbal materials. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total phenolic content (TPC) were evaluated as per the standard method. The effect of formulation on the hepatic HepG2 cells was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. The pharmacognostic properties of the formulation specified as follow: foreign matters (1.32±0.05%), loss on drying (11.50±0.07%), total ash (5.68±0.07%), acid-insoluble ash (0.94±0.04%), water-soluble extractable (18.22±0.60%), and ethanol-soluble extractable (16.90±0.77%). The ethanol extract showed a superior DPPH RSA (960.70±2.58 mM Trolox equivalent (TE)/ g dry weight (DW)), FRAP (1112.69±8.39 mM TE/g DW), and TPC (1768.40±32.40 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW) over its water counterpart. However, the water extract was safer for HepG2 cells than the ethanol one, with the IC50 values of 218.25±14.03 and 40.24±3.53 µg/ml, respectively. This study set the pharmacognostic standards for an antidiabetic polyherbal formulation with excellent antioxidant activities, in which its traditional use as a decoction was safe for the hepatic cells
Effect of Isolation Method on Characteristics of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Brown Seaweed Sargassum vulgare
Get PDFMicrocrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been reported to be purely derived from depolymerized cellulose which forms crystals. Therefore, this study aims to determine the characteristics of MCC samples which were in form of powder and alginate residues of Sargassum vulgare, hydrolyzed with acid and enzymes. The observed characteristics included yield, water content, ash content, pH, solubility, functional groups, and crystallinity index. Furthermore, the results showed that the MCC from acid-hydrolyzed seaweed powder and alginate residue, as well as enzymatically hydrolyzed seaweed powder and alginate residue each, had a yield of 3.83±2.74%, 5.66±1.52%, 10.03±2.58%, and 17.17±3.50%, crystallinity index of 91.37%, 80.26%, 84.67%, and 81.90%, water content of 4.92±1.85%, 4.92±1.11%, 3.88±2.01%, and 3.58±0.40%, ash content of 13.88±0.12%, 3.49±0.13%, 9.86±0.17%, and 7.43±0.09%, pH of 5.13±0.38, 5±0.1; 5.7±0.17, and 5.97±0.06, and solubility of 22.82±1.20%, 23.73±1.09%, 19.12±3.55%, and 21.10±1.48%, respectively. The functional group analysis showed that there were similarities with the standard Avicel PH101. Also, water content and pH meet the requirements according to the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, while solubility and ash content does not meet these requirements. However, the results of enzymatic hydrolysis were better than acid hydrolysis, and samples from alginate residues had better results than seaweed powder. Considering these results, the best MCC was obtained from enzymatically hydrolyzed alginate residue with a yield, water content, ash content, pH, solubility, and crystallinity index of 17.17±3.50%, 3.58±0.40, 7.43±0.09, 5.97±0.06, 21.10±1.48, and 81.90%