Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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The Development of Plant-Based Jelly Candy for Chrysanthemum indicum L. Flower Extract and Evaluation of The Antioxidant Activity
Get PDFIncreasing awareness of wellness in society increased the demand for health supplements. Free radicals negatively impact vital organs resulting to the progression of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease. Herbal medicine such as (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) flowers has been reported to have strong antioxidant effects. However, the available product for Chrysanthemum is tea and capsules which is considered old fashion for many consumers. To improve consumer acceptance, Chrysanthemum can be formulated as jelly candy. However, application of the heat during jelly candy production potentially reduced its antioxidant activities. This research is aimed to develop a Chystanthemum jelly candy that can retain its antioxidant activity. Chrysanthemum flower extract is formulated into a jelly candy using plant-based gelling agents namely glucomannan and kappa carrageenan. Eight formulas were designed according to Design Expert software. Jelly candy’s physical characteristics such as organoleptic, weight uniformity, elasticity, and moisture content were assessed. An antioxidant assay using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method was performed on Chrysanthemum flower extract before and after jelly candy formulation. The optimum formula identified from this study has a composition of kappa carrageenan 1.327% and glucomannan 0.673%. Assessment of antioxidant activity suggested that the jelly candy can retain its antioxidant activity compared to crude extract. The optimum formula exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 72.91 ± 3.36 µg/mL. Through a minimal heating process, this study suggested that retaining antioxidant activity post-manufacturing process is feasible
Fucoxanthin: A Natural Treasure from The Sea with Dual Benefits - Antioxidant and Anti-melanogenic Activities
Get PDFWhitening cosmetics with anti melanogenesis activity are very popular in the world. Many studies are trying to identity new ingredients that exhibit antimelanogenesis effect for the developing of new products. There has been a rapid increase in the use of natural anti hyperpigmentation agents from marine sources for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The aims of this review is to provide an overview of the antioxidant and anti melanogenesis effect of brown seaweed which contains a large amount of fucoxanthin as a skin whitening agent. Fucoxanthin from brown algae sources has also developed for use in cosmetics. Most of the articles we reviewed lack detailed investigations of molecular target, which are essential for meeting the criteria of cosmetic and pharmaceutical use. Recently, several carotenoids have been discovered from brown seaweed by examining their anti-melanogenesis and mechanisms. Despite the rarity of in vivo and clinical investigations of marine molecular mechanism algae derivates whitening agents. The novelty of this review is to discuss fucoxanthin as a major carotenoid in brown algae as an antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis. An anti-melanogenesis test is generally preceded by an antioxidants activity test. Almost all brown algae have a good antioxidant effect (compared to control). This suggests that brown seaweed has antioxidant properties. In addition, the melanogenesis effecf of brown algae was better compared to the contro
Physico-Chemical and Structural Characterization of Mixed Natural Polymer Hydrogels Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluid
Get PDFThe gastrointestinal track has a varied pH, from an acidic pH in the stomach to a slightly basic pH in the intestine. The pH difference creates problems for the delivery of drugs and nutrients, as the active compounds may not survive the changing pH. Incorporating active ingredients into hydrogels can protect the compounds from degradation. Natural polymer hydrogel is preferable because of its safety and compatibility. However, a suitable formula should be optimized to facilitate suitable delivery in the gastrointestinal track. In this study, we produced hydrogels with 10 different formulas of mixed natural polymers: CMC (C), alginate (A), chitosan (X), and/or guar gum (G). The resulting hydrogels were characterized using swelling performance tests at pH 2 and 6.8, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hydrogels with the formula of C50A25X25, C25A50X25, C25A50G25, C25A25G50, C25A50X12.5G12.5, and C25A25X25G25 are not digested at pH 2, but those hydrogels are digested at pH 6.8. The FTIR spectra of the hydrogels show functional groups of O–H, C=O, C–O, and C–H. Meanwhile, the SEM results show cracking phenomena on the surface of the hydrogels C50A25X12.5G12.5, C25A50X12.5G12.5, and C25A25X25G25. This study offers a general guide for the development of a natural polymer hydrogel as a suitable nutrient vehicle in the gastrointestinal track. Formulation of each type of nutrient should be optimized for optimum delivery to the designated part of the gastrointestinal track
Enablers and Barriers to Effective Communication about Drug Information: A Qualitative Study
Get PDFPatients who are involved in health communication are expected to have a better lifestyle to achieve a higher health status. Effective communication can produce a common understanding as well as an attitude improvement. Thus pharmaceutical personnel must have the ability to communicate effectively. This study aims to determine the factors that affecting the effectiveness of communication in providing drug information. The research was carried out using a semi-structured interview method. The data were analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method. Seven pharmacy technicians and ten pharmacists join the study. Several research themes can influence the effectiveness of communication between pharmacists and patients, including pharmacist empathy, pharmacist reliability and responsiveness, pharmacy atmosphere, patient empathy, patient physical and mental state, patient competency, and patient feedback. Several sub-themes were found which could be facilitators and barriers to effective communication. Based on the Shannon-Weaver communication model, these factors can affect the message encoding process, the information delivery channel, the message decoding process, and the feedback delivery process. Effective communication is influenced both by pharmacists as information providers and patients as recipients of drug information, the pharmacy environment can influence communication channels. Interventions to create effective communication should not only be given to pharmacists but also aimed at patients and the pharmacy environment
The Efficacy of Mung Bean Drink with Inulin and Iron Tablets in the Erythropoiesis Response of Adolescent Girls with Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the effectiveness of mung bean drink with inulin and iron tablets on the erythropoiesis response as characterized by changes in reticulocyte count of adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia. This is a non-blinding, randomized controlled trial with pre-test-post-test with control groups research design which was conducted in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sixty-one adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia were recruited from junior and senior high schools and then randomized into two groups. The treatment group (n=30) received iron tablets and a mung bean drink with inulin, whereas the control group (n=31) received iron tablets and a palm sugar drink. The intervention was carried out for 12 weeks. Data collection involved interviews, monitoring adherence to drinking, and blood tests. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square Tests, paired T-Tests, and Mann-Whitney Tests. The results showed that there was a significant increase in reticulocyte count after two weeks of intervention in the treatment group (p-value 0.0001) and the control group (p-value 0.001). After four and 12 weeks of intervention, reticulocyte counts of both groups decreased along with increasing hemoglobin levels. In conclusion, the mung bean drink with inulin and iron tablets is effective in the erythropoiesis response
PyPLIF HIPPOS-aided Construction and Retrospective Validation of Structure-Based Virtual Screening Protocol Targeting VEGFR2
Get PDFRecently, the discovery of small molecules as inhibitors for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is of timely interest, especially in the area of ocular neovascular diseases. On the other hand, PyPLIF HIPPOS in combination with machine learning techniques has been reported to increase the prediction quality of structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) protocols. The original version of PyPLIF has served in the development of an SBVS protocol that successfully identified novel chalcone derivatives and short peptides as potent inhibitors for acetylcholinesterase. In this short communication, construction and retrospective validation of an SBVS protocol employing PyPLIF HIPPOS targeting VEGFR2 are presented to make it publicly available. The retrospective validation employed 409 active compounds and 24,950 decoys from the enhanced version of the directory of useful decoys. All compounds were docked independently 3 times using AutoDock Vina followed by the identification of the protein-ligand interaction fingerprints (PLIF) employing PyPLIF HIPPOS. The derived ensemble PLIF descriptors were then used in the decision tree construction using a machine-learning technique called recursive partitioning and regression trees. The best decision was then incorporated in the SBVS protocol. The F-measure and enrichment factor values of the SBVS protocol were 0.387 and 76.879, respectively. Hence, the SBVS protocol is readily available to screen small molecules or short peptides
Development of Willingness-to-Pay Questionnaire on Health Insurance Cost-Sharing for Catastrophic Prescription Drugs: A Content Validity and Reliability Assessment
Get PDFPrescription drug cost-sharing in Indonesia remains challenging because no valid willingness-to-pay (WTP) questionnaire for this cost-sharing is available. The aim of this study was to conduct item selection and evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire on the WTP for prescription drug cost-sharing under the national health insurance scheme in patients with catastrophic illnesses. The method was a cross-sectional study and used a three-step design, namely literature review, consultation with some health economics experts, and evaluation of content validity. This study involved 9 experts, consisting of academicians and health professionals who worked in a hospital, to perform content validation of a questionnaire on the WTP for prescription drug cost-sharing. This study used CVI (content validity index) and CVR (content validity ratio) for both individual item measurement and the overall scale. This study's results reveal a questionnaire comprising 47 items grouped into five domains: healthcare utilization information, participation in health insurance information, drug information, and cost-sharing scenarios. The questionnaire items were extracted from many sources. The items that could be used for the study should have an I-CVI of 0.79-1.00. There were three items removed because of criticisms from the experts and Item-CVI<0.79 and CVR<0.62. Those with Item-CVI>0.79 were revised. The overall scale of the questionnaire was excellent with an S-CVI/Ave of 0.94. We conclude that the questionnaire on the willingness-to-pay for prescription drug cost-sharing was developed and validated through expert consultation, item selection, and CVI. The questionnaire reviewed in this study had good content validity. As a follow-up, a new 42-item questionnaire was developed
Diabetic’s patient perspectives about barriers to using digital health technology : A qualitative systematic review
No full textManagement of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) requires great efforts to control the glycemic index, prevent complications, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Digital health technology (DHT) is proven to be able to increase the glycemic control index in DM patients. But on the other hand, there are obstacles from the patient's point of view that must be reduced in the further development of DHT. This systematic literature review study aims to identify barriers to the use of DHT from the point of view of DM patients. This study uses four journal databases, namely Sage, Pubmed, Cochrane, and Scient Direct using certain keywords in 2012-2022. Screening of articles using the PRISMA flowchart by setting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Assessment of study quality uses the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist and performs thematic synthesis. This study found 11 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was analyzed using CASP, it was found that all the articles used were in the medium-quality category. The results of data extraction and theme synthesis resulted in 13 themes related to obstacles to the use of digital health technology in DM patients, including incomplete physical examination; limitations of the patient-provider relationship; limited individual knowledge about the disease; limited individual knowledge and technological literacy; lack of access to digital technology infrastructure; additional costs that need to be incurred for access; health care data security and patient privacy; feel the content is irrelevant to some users; lack of time; vision limitations; language restrictions; technical issues related to poor app design and system failures; and logistical challenges
Isolation of Nutmeg Essential Oil (Myristica fragrans houtt) From Aceh Indonesia and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities
Get PDFThis study aims to isolate the nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) from Aceh Indonesia and evaluate their biological activity. The antioxidant activity of the nutmeg essential oils (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was determined by DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrihidrazil) assay. The DPPH assay showed that arillus essential oil (AMFH) has the highest antioxidant activity with the IC50 values was 216,695 ppm. The chemical composition of the AMFH was perfomed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the results showed that AMFH contains Terpinen-4-ol (T-4-ol), α-Terpineol (α-T), Safrole (Saf) and Myristicin (Myr) with the percentage area of 11.20%; 1.83%; 5.10%; and 27.80% respectively. The AMFH was isolated by column chromatography and four fractions were obtained, namely AMFH1; AMFH2; AMFH3; and AMFH4 fractions. The DPPH assay showed that the AMFH3 fraction showed excellent antioxidant activity with the IC50 values of 59.329 ppm. The AMFH3 fraction was than reisolated by using by column chromatography to obtain four subfractions namely AMFH3A; AMFH3B; AMFH3C; and AMFH3D. The DPPH assay showed that the subfraction of AMFH3A has the highest antioxidant activity with the IC50 values of 98.993 ppm. The antibacterial activity of AMFH3A subfractions was evaluated by Kirby Bauer-Disc diffusion method, and the results showed that AMFH3A subfraction showed slightly higher activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with the diameter inhibition of 14.28 mm and 12.26 mm respectively. The chemical composition of the AMFH3A subfraction was performed by GC-MS, and the results showed that AMFH3A subfraction contains Terpinen-4-ol (T-4-ol), α-Terpineol (α-T), Safrole (Saf) and Myristicin (Myr) with the percentage area of 14.37%; 2.16%; 7.36%; and 54.77% respectively
Impact of Dapagliflozin as Add-on Therapy on Glycemic Status and Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Get PDF Evaluate the efficacy of dapagliflozin on glycaemic and non-glycaemic indices and assess quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) with inadequate glycaemic control on three oral antidiabetic agents (OADs). Patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes [Haemoglobin A1c 7.0%-12.0%] on sulfonylurea, metformin and gliptin were selected to receive dapagliflozin 5mg/day for 16 weeks (n=40). Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin A1c, body weight, and waist circumference were measured. Assessment of patients’ quality of life was performed using Quality of Life Scale for Iraqi Diabetic patients (QOLSID) at baseline and after administration of dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin showed high significant reduction in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI) and index of central obesity (ICO) (p<0.001). High significant changes in the QOLSID score after treatment (p<0.001). High BMI is negative predictor for patients’ quality of life. Dapagliflozin improved both glycaemic and non-glycaemic parameters in T2DM patients who already on three OADs. This is promising results in short period makes the treatment a suitable alternative to insulin specially in patients not prefer to use injected medication. Dapagliflozin showed an improvement in the patients’ physical and psychological condition and consequently overall QOL