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Malaysia’s response on the IMF during the Asian Economic Crisis
No full textResearch Problem
With acceptance of the IMF conditions is meant that the country was offered financial loans combined with conditions which consist of policy recommendations, and that the country accepted both the loans and the corresponding conditions. These two always go hand in hand as the one cannot be accepted without the other. Malaysia received policy recommendations, but it did not want to implement these exact policies and therefore it rejected the financial loans. Because of its relatively low level of foreign obligation, Malaysia did not apply for any IMF assistance. Nevertheless, it followed the standard IMF prescription in facing the crisis. Unfortunately, with the implementation of certain Macroeconomic policies, what started as a financial and currency crisis soon became a full-blown economic crisis.
This thesis will try to answer the question which is what is the impact of the Malaysian decision of rejecting the IMF loans during the Asian crisis in 1997, on the economic growth of the state?When the Asian financial crisis hit Malaysia, the impact was severe. There was economic and political instability. The stock market, the currency and the property market nearly collapsed. That in turn affected the overall economy. After Malaysia’s president rejected to receive loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), So far, Malaysia was not that badly affected as compared to some of its neighbors. It did not experience the extent of the socio-political distress as occurred in Indonesia. Nor was its economic sovereignty that deeply compromised as happened in Indonesia and Thailand when both countries were forced to accept the conditions imposed by the IMF for the acceptance of their loans Athukorala (2001).
Malaysia was the only severely affected crisis country not to adopt an IMF program during the Asian crisis that began in 1997. This thesis seeks to determine whether this was a wise decision. The research analysis begins with the arguments of principle for and against Malaysia adopting the IMF’s suggested economic policies, and then proceeds to consider the results for Malaysia of adopting the course it did. The reasons for Malaysia’s decision may have been emotive as well as economic. Nonetheless, with the benefit of hindsight, our analysis suggests that Malaysia’s choice was demonstrably right for it in terms of principle and of rationality. Malaysia’s policies saw it recover from the crisis at least as fast as countries that implemented IMF policies. The poor in Malaysia are significantly better off today than they would have been under IMF policies and Malaysia has benefited, in a number of other ways, from having followed its own course through the crisis. The main contribution of the research, is how the Malaysian experience in achieving sustainable economic growth, is not being examined as a lead for other countries to follow in overcoming their financial crisis Abidin (2002).Supervisor: Prof Engy Raou
Bonding of a Multi‐Mode Adhesive To Different Enamel Prism Orientations
No full textAim or purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the microshear bond strength (µSBS) of multi-mode adhesive (MMA) to different regions and prism orientations of enamel.Materials and Methods: Enamel substrates (n=80) were categorized into two main groups (n=40) according to the enamel regions tested; either cuspal or midcoronal enamel. Each region was then prepared either in axial or tangential sections (n=20). Then enamel specimens were bonded with MMA either in self-etch (SE) or etch-and-rinse (ER) adhesion protocol (n=10). Nano-filled flowable composite was used to prepare µSBS specimens. µSBS was assessed using universal testing machine. Resin- enamel interface was assessed under environmental scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was carried out 蔁sing three way ANOVA test. Results: Results of the µSBS testing revealed no statistically significant difference between mean µSBS value of enamel regions tested, while bonding using MMA to tangentially sectioned enamel recorded a statistically significant (p≤0.001) higher mean µSBS value than bonding to axially sectioned enamel, also ER adhesion protocol recorded a statistically significant higher (p≤0.001) mean µSBS value compared to bonding using the SE adhesion protocol.In all specimens the hybrid layer was clearly detected with intimate adaptation between the adhesive resin and enamel, ER specimens showed clear resin microtags, while SE specimens did not show resin microtags except in the case of the axially sectioned cuspal enamel. Conclusions: The bond strengths of the MMA is influenced by the direction of enamel rods. Application of MMA in ER adhesion protocol improves the resin-enamel bond strength
Accountability and disclosure in not for profit organizations, evidence from Egypt
No full textIt is widely recognized that we currently have very little knowledge of what is reported outside the financial statements by Egyptian charities and even less understanding of why it is reported. This represents a crucial gap in our knowledge, since accounting narratives have become a major element in the reporting model, in both business and the charity sector.
This paper, therefore, presents a timely investigation of the disclosure practices and its drivers by Egyptian NPOs through a set of interviews with the finance directors and specialties in NPOs in Egypt. The paper provides a preliminary analysis of a set of interviews with the finance directors of NPOs, which investigate the drivers of such disclosure. Findings revealed that, although their annual report and annual reviews are channels of communicating information to all types of stakeholders, the NPOs appear to view the individual documents as having different disclosure purposes, e.g. in terms of their target audience and the motivations for such reports. In term of Expenses and Income, it is obligatory to be disclosed by the force of the law. In term of Accountability, any item that is disclosed is important for accountability in NPOsSupervised by: Dr/ Tarek Alshazl
Essentials of services marketing / Jochen Wirtz, Christopher Lovelock.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and indexes.(xxxii, 670 pages) :Essentials of Services Marketing, 3e, is meant for courses directed at undergraduate and polytechnic students, especially those heading for a career in the service sector, whether at the executive or management level. It delivers streamlined coverage of services marketing topics with an exciting global outlook with visual learning aids and clear language. It has been designed so that instructors can make selective use of chapters and cases to teach courses of different lengths and formats in either services marketing or services management
Impact of the Educational System on Job Performance in Egypt (1988-2018)
No full textEducation was founded in Egypt since the era of the ancient Egyptians who invented the writing system, where the House of Life was founded as the first school and library in the history of humanity. According to the Egyptian constitution, education is free and compulsory until the end of secondary school or equivalent level in accordance with the Egyptian law. Education is the process by which knowledge, values and skills accumulate from generation to generation in society through education institutions. (Sadek, 2016)
Through education, the economic and social development of any country is achieved, teaching and learning consider as one of the most important way for improvement, especially for developing countries. As they recognize that education is a key for advancement, as educated people can do some tasks easily and efficiently compared to uneducated or those who receive less educated and this played a major role in job performance. (Ahmed, 2017)
This study focused on studying the factors that play role in improving the performance of job and what are the resources that we must work on in order to achieve the actual progress that a state need. The job performance increases the standard level of individuals and this by making them realizing the importance of cooperation, hard working and follow organization structure. (Jankingthing & Rurkkhum, 2012)
Throughout the last 30 years Egypt had faces a corruption in many of state organizations field, which had a negative impact on the developing process, now a day a country tried to move on by solving all the old issues that has become bigger than state capability to solve it, and this affect negatively on citizens life. (Kingsley, 2013)
Job performance is influenced by many factors such as environment, salary, and discrimination etc. We have to look at how state institutions provide services to these employees. Egypt is one of the countries where there is corruption in government institutions. This has a negative impact on the performance of citizens’ work. We will discuss how the government institution started to work on reform, and the role of the international community to support the Egyptian industry.
The outcome of this paper will be to evaluate the education system in Egypt and how this impact on the job performance and on the developing process, we will look at the main reasons behind the low quality of education in Egypt and how we can improve it. Education is one of the main sources of any country to develop, and this improvement will positively affect state performance
Firms Performance Analyst (FPA)
No full textMarket volatility and innovations in financial trading have made investment decision making increasingly complicated and risky. However, the availability of reliable financial market data and powerful software tools which is special application software that records all the financial activity within a business organization. Basic features of this system not only include all the modules of accounting software like accounts payable, accounts receivable, ledger, reporting modules and payroll but also to explore alternative investment choices and calculate statistical relationships. Features of the system may vary depending on what type of business it is being used for. Primarily, the goal of the financial software is to record, categorize, analyze, compile, interpret and then present an accurate and updated financial dates for every transaction of the business. In this environment, decision support systems (DSS), is an information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance—i.e. unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized or human-powered, or a combination of both. They are playing more-important roles and improving the quality of decisions made by both professional and individual investors. For investors seeking better decision performance, DSS tools are essential, such as ML (machine learning). Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence in the field of computer science that often uses statistical techniques to give computers the ability to "learn" (i.e., progressively improve performance on a specific task) with data, without being explicitly programme
Human Resources Management and Its Impact on Job Satisfaction in Egypt
No full textHuman Resources Management have a comprehensive impact on all stakeholders of an organization, including: the employer, the employee, shareholders, customers and accordingly it can impact the overall organizational performance. This shows that HR department is a core element in the success or failure of any organization, and therefore, any topic related to HR is considered of great importance.
As mentioned above, Human Resources Management is a comprehensive term, it is also broad and multidimensional. It is related to many aspects, one of these many aspects that is related and affected by HRM, is job satisfaction. HRM play a major role either in achieving job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Noting that job satisfaction is the key issue to organizational success, this highlights how important is the issue discussed in the paper.
The paper studies the relationship between two main terminologies which are: Human Resources Management and job satisfaction. It focuses on job satisfaction and how it is affected by the HRM. It tries to explain the relationship between both concepts because both are important for the success of any organization.
The paper tries to fill the gap by giving recommendations to ensure high level of satisfaction for employees resulting from HRM, which consequently results in successful organizations.
The study focuses on Egypt because it has many social and economic problems and faces many employment issues, so it will analyze whether Human resources management plays no, minor or major impact on job satisfaction within the broader society and the economic system as a whole
Corporate Social Responsibility evolution & impact on Development in South Africa
No full textCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has come to the forefront of every stakeholder's thinking. Particularly, the recent global financial crisis has led to a remarkable debate to the corporate sectors about their role and responsibility towards the community and the society at large. On the other hand, the contribution of business firms, government, regulatory bodies and other organizations to the society is important to a greater extent for addressing socio-economic problems of a country. Thus, CSR is an important issue and its involvement by corporate sectors, government and other agencies in society are imperative. Hence, this study aims to gain a deep intuitive knowledge of their influence on CSR adoption in South Africa (Perrini et al., 2007).
There is no single, universally accepted definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). According to the definition in the “Green Paper – Promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility” of the European Commission corporate social responsibility is described as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. The International Standards Organization (ISO), while considering organizations in general, define social responsibility as "a balanced approach for organizations to address economic, social and environmental issues in a way that aims to benefit people, communities and society” (Csrtoday.org, 2011).
Due to social and economic gradual changes across the globe, business ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues are given high priority by the corporate sectors. Companies are being urged to focus on CSR related issues such as environmental, economic, ethical and other social issues besides the financial aspects due to the fact that they are responsible for the impacts of their operational activities on the wider community. Moreover, it has been argued that CSR also derives from other factors such as government’s inability to provide adequate social services, having different cultures within the society, and increase in pressures of globalization and international trade. Thus, CSR is an important factor for socio-economic development and its involvement by the business firms and other various stakeholders are imperative (Kamal and Deegan, 2013)
Effects of Raising Taxes on Budget Balance & Labor Supply
No full textMany developing countries are currently running large budget deficits, and most of these countries also confront significant national debt. As a consequence, many are now trying to restore fiscal discipline after providing generous entitlements, state pensions, and other government benefits for many years. Although tax rates have increased in recent decades in most advanced industrial countries, the resulting increase in government revenues has been greatly outpaced by the increase in government expenditures. Many countries must now cut spending, raise taxes, or do both. (Padovano, 2001)
The structure and financing of a tax change are critical to achieving economic growth. Tax rate cuts could encourage people to work, save, and invest , however if the tax cuts don't seem to be supported by immediate spending cuts they will likely also result in an increased federal budget deficit, which in the long-term will reduce national saving and increase interest rates. The net impact on growth is uncertain, however several estimates suggest it's either little or negative. Base-broadening measures will eliminate the effect of tax rate cuts on budget deficits, however at the same time they also decrease the impact on labor supply, saving, and investment and so decrease the direct impact on growth. However, they additionally reallocate resources across sectors toward their highest-value economic use, led to high efficiency and potentially increase the size of economy. The results recommend that not all tax changes can have similar impact on growth. Reforms that improve incentives, decrease existing subsidies, avoid deficit financing can have additional positive effects on the long-term size of the economy, but may also create trade-offs between equity and efficiency. (Romer, 2010)
In this thesis, I intend to explore what would occur if these countries attempted to balance its budget simply by raising its taxes. I also seek to determine what would occur if each of those countries decided to balance its budgets by using tax increases to accomplish half of the budget fix and by cutting government spending to do the rest. Can these countries succeed in balancing their budgets? If so, what would be the economic costs in terms of total output and labor supply? To pursue this investigation, I will explain how changes in tax rates affect how much people work. (Galí, 2007
Saudi Dental Journal
No full textPeriodontium regeneration is a highly challenging process as it requires the regeneration of three different tissues simultaneously. The aim of this study was to develop a composite material that can be easily applied and can sufficiently deliver essential growth factors and progenitor cells for periodontal tissue regeneration.Freeze-dried platelet concentrate (FDPC) was prepared and incorporated in a thermo-sensitive chitosan/b-glycerol phosphate (b-GP) hydrogel at concentrations of 5, 10, or 15 mg/ml. The viscos-ity of the hydrogels was investigated as the temperature rises from 25 C to 37 C and the release kinetics of transforming growth factor (TGF-b1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) were investigated at four time points (1 h, 1 day, 1 week,2 weeks). Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated from human third molars and encapsulated in the different hydrogel groups. Their viability was investigated after 7 days in culture in comparison to standard culture conditions and non FDPC-loaded hydrogel.Results showed that loading FDPC in the hydrogel lowered the initial viscosity in comparison to the unloaded control group and did not affect the sol-gel transition in any group. All FDPC-loaded hydrogel groups exhibited sustained release of TGF-b1 and PDGF-BB for two weeks with signif- icant difference between the different concentrations. The loading of 10 and 15 mg/ml of FDPC in the hydrogel increased the PDLSCs viability significantly compared to the unloaded hydrogel and was comparable to the standard culture conditions