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A Consideration on the legal regulatic of the retirement system for the future in Japan : The point at issue on revisions the Act on Stabilization of Employment of Elderly Persons in 2012 and 2020
Get PDF先進国の多くが定年制は年齢差別にあたるとして禁じるなか，我が国で定年制が社会広範に認知され，法令で認められている。定年制が社会的に認知されるゆえ，2021年３月に次のニュースが各メディアで報じられた。「来月（2021年４月）から，70歳までの就業確保策の努力義務施行開始」である。少子高齢化は誰もが知るところであり，少子高齢化に伴う将来の労働力不足について皆衆目している。努力義務であるにせよ，就業年限が70歳となる将来を多くの国民が意識することになった大きな契機である。日本における定年制に関する法律は「高年者等の雇用の安定等に関する法律」（以下「高齢法」）で規定されている。この法律は1971年「中高年齢者等の雇用の促進に関する特別措置法」を前身として，1986年に制定された。70歳までの就業確保努力義務は，2020年の同法改正によって定められた。この法律による社会的影響が大きな改正を振り返ると，2012年の改正高齢法によって65歳までの雇用確保義務を決めたときであろう。2012年の改正高齢法では定年年齢は60歳のままで，65歳までの雇用確保を義務付けた法改正である。65歳まで雇用確保義務，70歳までの就業確保措置努力義務，この２つの法改正を取り上げ今後の定年制について考察するものである
Activities of “Machi-jyu Cyakusitsu” in Chichibu City : Revitalization of the city center through new tourism
Get PDF研究の概要(和文)：中心市街地の空洞化が多くの街で進展している。かつて中心市街地には、居住だけでなく、商業・娯楽や公共サービスなどの都市の機能が集積していた。しかし、郊外にそれらの機能が移った結果として中心市街地が空洞化したのである。この空洞化という課題に対して、「回遊」による観光によって中心市街地の活性化を目指した取り組みが、本稿が紹介する秩父における「町住客室」の実践である。秩父は観光地でもある。だが、町全体ではなく、有名な観光地やお店だけに人が集まってしまうという課題があった。「町住客室」は、町全体がホテルであるというコンセプトの下で、有名店以外のお店も紹介し、秩父の「日常」を新しい観光の対象であると意味づけた。また、2020年以降、COVID-19の影響で観光客が減少する中、仕事と休暇を組み合わせたワーケーションの需要が生まれてきた。複数コワーキングスペースが設置されている「町住客室」はこの需要に応える形で発展した。本稿では、「町住客室」の取り組みをアクションリサーチの手法で調査し、（1）「回遊」という方法、（2）ワーケーション対応に焦点を当てて、その運営と効果について考察した。研究の概要(英文)：The hollowing out of city centers is progressing in many towns. In the past, urban functions, such as commerce, entertainment, public services, and residences, were concentrated in the central city area. However, as these functions moved to the suburbs, the central city area has become hollowed out. The practice of revitalizing the city center through tourism by circulation in response to this problem of hollowing out is the “Machi-jyu Cyakusitsu” in Chichibu. Chichibu is a tourist destination that is visited by people from other regions. However, people would gather only at famous tourist attractions and stores, and not visit the whole town. Utilizing the concept of turning the entire town into a guest room, “Machi-jyu Cyakusitsu” introduces some stores that market Chichibu\u27s everyday life as a new object of tourism. In addition, as the number of tourists declined after 2020 owing to COVID-19, a new demand has emerged for workcations that combine work and vacation. The townhouse guest rooms, where multiple co-working spaces are located, have been developed in response to this demand. This paper investigates townhouse guest rooms using action research methods. In addition, their operation and effectiveness are discussed by focusing on (1) the circulation method and (2) workcation support
The Development of Adult Schools in Japan : Focusing on the Cases in Metropolises in the Early Post-war Period
Get PDFSocial education (adult or non-formal education) projects of municipalities in postwar Japan started in association with a framework based on Kominkans (or Community Learning Centers), which were suitable for the social conditions of rural areas. On the other hand, a contrasting framework of social education projects in municipalities also appeared in the end of 1940s. It was the framework based on “adult schools.” Adult schools established in many large cities at that time offered participants(students) more advanced, more systematic, and more various courses than those of kominkans. Many staffs and researchers on social education in those days remarked the possibility of “adult schools.”Today we can rarely find public projects titled “adult school” in Japan. Most of adult schools were renamed and restructured as “Courses for Citizen,” “Civic University,” and so on by now. The staffs and researchers on social education today seldom use the word “adult school.” Addition to this, there are few articles or books for historical research on adult schools in postwar Japan.This article focuses on the development of adult schools in metropolises in the early postwar period (1945 to 1955) to lay a foundation for the comprehensive history of adult school in postwar Japan. We selected five cases: the adult schools in Kawasaki City, Yokohama City, Tokyo Metropolis, Nagoya City, and Osaka City. We examined what these cases have in common from four viewpoints: circumstances concerning establishment of adult schools, average time allocated to each course and trends of contents, attributes of participants, and how participants engaged in management of adult schools and how they formed groups.We have found some common trends of adult schools in metropolises at that time as below. Firstly, in most of cases the education boards of municipalities already started some projects of adult education courses before establishment of adult schools. The concept of “adult school” offered a standardized and systematic framework to each municipality. Secondly, we can find considerable similarity on the contents of courses in adult schools, and the “liberal arts education” counted in most of cases. Thirdly, the majority of participants were white-collar and graduates of upper secondary schools. The most part of them were latter teenagers and early twenties, and there was no clear imbalance in sex of participants. Finally, the participants played certain roles in management of courses in their adult school (as members of management committee, for example) and often formed various reunion groups in most of cases
From International to Transnational : New Development in International Japanese Studies
Get PDFSince its establishment in 2002, Hosei University Research Center for International Japanese Studies has worked to internationalize Japanese studies. 20 years later, the Institute has achieved some success in bridging the gap between Japanese studies at home and abroad. In the meantime, however, the world has seen the ground sinking of Japanese studies, and today there are even whispers of the “death of Japanese studies”. Unfortunately, on the other hand, “hikikomori” (withdrawal) has been pointed out in Japan. In this article, clues to overcoming this situation will be sought in transnationalism, which looks at the world from the perspective of phenomena that transcend national borders
Muromachi Merchants and Artisans in the Japanese Kimono Industry during the Early Showa Period. : Yūzen and Innovation
Get PDFThe Japanese textile industry began modernization after the Meiji Restoration (1968). The majority of the research in Economics during this period focuses on importing/exporting of yarns and textiles and domestic power loom textile production. Little attention was paid on value-added dyed textiles for the kimono manufactured in Kyoto, Japan. However, Kyoto became the center for mass-manufactured, motif-dyed silk textiles (yūzen) as an increasing number of Japanese common people started wearing the silk kimono.This was made possible by Muromachi merchants, who provided funds to support artisans and took inventory risks to distribute textiles throughout Japan, while artisans continued improving traditional dyeing methods. Without merchantsʼ and artisansʼ endeavor, traditional kimono and prints that we now know could not have survived until today. This paper explores the strategies of Muromachi merchants and the industry through the activities of the merchants and artisans during the early Showa Period when yūzen textile production thrived. Sources are data published by Kyoto city, archives kept by the industry associations, publications by merchants/artisans, company histories and previous research on economic history and art history
SURFACE PROPERTY OF POLYMETHACRYLATES BEARING WITH BOTH PERFLUOROBUTYL AND CYCLOALKYL GROUPS
Get PDFSurface property of polymethacrylates bearing with both perfluorobutyl and cycloalkyl groups was elucidated by the static and dynamic contact angle measurements of water and dodecane drops. It was suggested that the bulkiness and stiffness of cycloalkyl group introduced at the polymer side chain play an important role for the surface property of perfluoroalkylated polymer, such as the hydro- and oleophobicity and the water- and oil-droplet removal property
Multi-connected crawler robot with passive joints Improvement of mobility by weight reduction
Get PDFIn this study, a conventional rescue robot was modified to improve its mobility. Conventional robots were heavy and had a problem of wheels off due to interference between the parts fixing the wheels and crawler protrusions. To solve this problem, this study improved the mobility while reducing the weight of the machine body. In addition, the crawler plate protrusions and the crawler plate were integrated. Experiments have confirmed that the machine\u27s mobility is better than that of conventional machines and that the crawler does not wheel off
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON REDUCTION OF SECONDARY FLOW IN ULTRA-HIGHLY LOADED AXIAL TURBINE LINEAR CASCADE BY APPLICATION OF LEADING EDGE FILLET : EFFECT OF FILLET WIDTH
Get PDFAn increase of turbine blade loading by increasing the blade turning angle contributes to the downsizing and weight reduction of gas turbines, but simultaneously intensifies the secondary flows. The application of a fillet at the leading edge endwall junction (LEF) is effective for the reduction of the horseshoe vortex, which is a predominant secondary flow. Since the pressure side leg of horseshoe vortex entrains the endwall boundary layer and grows into the passage vortex, the reduction of the horseshoe vortex leads to the reduction of the passage vortex. In this study, the LEF was applied to the ultra-highly loaded axial turbine linear cascade (UHLTC) with the turning angle of 160 degrees. The effectiveness of the LEF on the UHLTC was examined focusing on the fillet width by means of the internal flow measurement, the endwall surface pressure measurement and the oil flow visualization. The experimental results showed that the application of LEF to the UHLTC suppressed the passage vortex as well as the horseshoe vortex, and consequently reduced the secondary flow losses. In addition, the increase of the fillet width enhanced the suppression effect caused by the LFE
NOZZLE INJECTION SYSTEM ON CONTROLLING SURGING IN CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR : INFLUENCE OF INJECTION NOZZLE STRUCTURE
Get PDFCentrifugal compressor, which is the main component of turbocharger, is known to suffer the instability phenomena such as surge at low flow rate conditions. The nozzle injection system is an effective method to suppress the instability phenomena. In this system, a part of the air compressed by the compressor is bled from the scroll outlet and injected into the impeller inlet by the nozzle installed on the inner wall of suction pipe. The conventional type of injection nozzle is composed of the circular pipe which may locally obstacle the main flow in the suction pipe. In this study, the wall jet type of injection nozzle whose discharge port was located on the inner wall surface of suction pipe was investigated to reveal its effectiveness on the surge suppression. The present results indicated the importance of the injection to the tip of leading edge and the axial momentum of jet
STUDY ON SHAPE OF A WEARABLE BLOOD PURIFICATION SYSTEM MIMICKING PERITONEAL DIALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN WHOLE BLOOD SYSTEM
Get PDFFour types of mini modules with constant membrane surface area and varying length of hollow fiber were constructed as a portable blood purification system mimicking peritoneal dialysis, and their solute removal performances were evaluated in vitro experiments in aqueous and whole blood systems. The ultrafiltration rate and the overall mass transfer-area coefficient were changed just by changing the length of the hollow fiber in the module. The overall mass transfer-area coefficient calculated from the time course of creatinine concentration in whole blood system suggested that the module could be used clinically by scaling up the module by 6 times