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Juridical Analysis of the Bani Desicion in the Dispute Between PT Talkindo Selaksa Anugrah and Breadtalk, Pte,Ltd. (A Study of Decision Number 861/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2023/Pn Jkt.Brt)
No full textThis research examines the settlement of default disputes in franchise agreements
between PT Talkindo Selaksa Anugrah and BreadTalk Pte. Ltd. based on Decision
Number 861/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2023/PN Jakarta Barat. The research problems addressed are:
first, the implementation of franchise agreements under Indonesian law; second, the legal
consequences for the parties arising from default in franchise agreements; and third, the
settlement of default disputes in franchise agreements between PT Talkindo Selaksa
Anugrah and BreadTalk Pte. Ltd. based on the relevant court decision. This issue is
significant because franchise agreements constitute a form of business cooperation that
relies heavily on legal certainty and the proper performance of rights and obligations by
the parties.
This research employs normative legal research with a descriptive nature. The
approaches used include the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. Research
data were obtained through library research using primary legal materials in the form of
statutory regulations, secondary legal materials such as legal literature and scholarly
works, and tertiary legal materials as supporting references. All legal materials were
analyzed qualitatively using a deductive method.
The results of this research indicate that the implementation of franchise
agreements in Indonesia is based on the principle of freedom of contract while adhering
to the provisions of Government Regulation Number 35 of 2024 concerning Franchises.
Default in franchise agreements gives rise to legal consequences in the form of
obligations to perform, payment of compensation, and the possible termination of the
agreement for the defaulting party. Furthermore, the settlement of default disputes
between PT Talkindo Selaksa Anugrah and BreadTalk Pte. Ltd. is conducted through
arbitration in accordance with Law Number 30 of 1999, where arbitral awards are final
and binding. The West Jakarta District Court confirmed that there were no grounds for
annulment of the arbitral award as stipulated in Article 70 of Law Number 30 of 1999;
therefore, the arbitral award remains valid and legally binding.94 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Disclosure of Beneficial Owners of Foreign Foundations in Indonesia in Relation to the Potential for Money Laundering Crimes
No full textThe establishment of foundations by foreign nationals in Indonesia requires
ownership transparency to prevent misuse in the commission of money laundering
offenses. The disclosure of beneficial owners serves as an essential instrument for
identifying the individuals who actually control or derive benefits from the
foundation. The regulatory framework concerning beneficial ownership has been
strengthened through Presidential Regulation Number 13 of 2018 on the
Implementation of the Principle of Identifying BO of Corporations for the
Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing,
along
with various implementing regulations harmonized with the
recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). This study aims to
analyze the criteria under which foreign nationals may be classified as BO,
examine the relevance of the regulatory framework to money laundering
prevention, and assess the potential misuse of foreign foundations as a vehicle for
laundering illicit funds.
This study employs a normative legal research method with a descriptive
analytical approach, supported by interviews. The findings indicate that foreign
nationals may be classified as BO when they meet the criteria stipulated in the
presidential regulation, and that several supporting documents are required for
both the establishment of a foundation and the reporting of BO information. The
study further reveals that BO disclosure plays a strategic role in preventing money
laundering by strengthening oversight of BO, given that foundations are often
used to conceal the origin of funds or the identities of perpetrators. Despite the
existing regulatory framework, persistent challenges remain, including layered
ownership structures, lack of corporate transparency, weak inter-agency
coordination, and limited understanding among foundation founders regarding
BO reporting obligations.158 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Experimental Study of Flexural Strength of Normal Concrete and High Strength Concrete (HSC) Composite Beams with the Addition of Polypropylene Fiber and Fly Ash
No full textThis study aims to examine the effects of incorporating fly ash and polypropylene fibers on the mechanical properties of normal concrete and High Strength Concrete (HSC), as well as to evaluate flexural behavior, deformation, and production cost in normal–HSC composite concrete beams. The test results indicate that the HSC variation with a thickness of 3 cm, incorporating 10% fly ash as partial cement replacement and 1% polypropylene fibers, achieved the optimum mechanical performance, with a compressive strength of 87.63 MPa (an increase of 166.68%) and a tensile strength of 4.99 MPa (an increase of 62.54%) compared to normal concrete. Furthermore, the highest average flexural strength of the composite beams was also obtained in the 3 cm HSC variation, reaching 4.02 MPa, which represents an improvement of 44.6% over normal concrete. In terms of deformation behavior, the application of an HSC layer was proven to effectively reduce displacement, with the 5 cm HSC layer exhibiting the best performance by producing the lowest deformation; however, the results from analytical calculations and numerical modeling remained lower than those obtained experimentally, indicating the need for further calibration. From an economic perspective, the production cost of composite concrete increased with increasing HSC layer thickness, with the highest cost recorded for the 5 cm HSC variation at Rp86,016.84, suggesting that the selection of an optimal configuration should balance structural performance and cost efficiency.146 PagesTesis Magiste
Comparison of Accuracy Levels of Interleukin-6 and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio and A2DS2 Score as Predictors of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia In Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients
No full textBackground: Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a common and feared complication after acute stroke. Stroke-associated pneumonia most often occurs in the first week. Reportedly, 15-25% of stroke patients die from stroke-associated pneumonia, a common complication of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke causes immunosuppression, increasing the risk of infection. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) are inflammatory markers associated with a poor prognosis. The A2DS2 score is often used to predict post-stroke pneumonia due to its simplicity and accuracy.
Objective: To compare the accuracy of IL-6 levels, NLR, and the A2DS2 score as predictors of SAP in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Methods: This observational analytical study with a prospective cohort design was conducted at Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, from June to November 2025. Subjects were acute ischemic stroke patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected through examination of IL-6 levels, NLR, and A2DS2 scores on the first day of admission and assessing the incidence of SAP. Univariate analysis was performed to describe the data. The predictive accuracy of IL-6, NLR, and A2DS2 against SAP was assessed using the ROC curve. Bivariate analysis used the chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Multivariate analysis used the logistic regression test.
Results: A total of 50 subjects were included in this study with a mean age of 61.36 ± 10.84 years. IL-6 levels had a sensitivity of 86,7%, specificity of 85,7%, and an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 86,3%. NLR had a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 80%, and an AUC of 85,5%. A2DS2 scores had a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 91,4%, and an AUC of 87,1%. Based on multivariate analysis, IL-6 levels and A2DS2 scores were significant predictors of SAP in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Conclusion: IL-6 levels and A2DS2 scores were significant predictors of SAP in acute ischemic stroke patients.138 PagesTesis Magiste
Unlawful Acts in The Acknowledgment of Land Ownership by Unauthorized Parties (A Study of Supreme Court Decision Number 691 K/Pdt/2025)
No full textLand ownership disputes often hinder the compensation payment process in land acquisition for public interest. This research is motivated by a dispute case between Paimin as the owner of Certificate of Ownership (SHM) and PT Sinar Waluyo which claimed ownership based on a Sales and Purchase Binding Agreement Deed and Power of Attorney to Sell over 9 plots of land in Magelang City affected by the Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road project. The purpose of this research is to determine the legal protection of land ownership rights when the certificate is controlled by another party, to analyze the legal consequences of unlawful acts regarding land ownership claims by unauthorized parties, and to analyze the judge's considerations in Supreme Court Decision Number 691 K/Pdt/2025.
The research method used is normative juridical with descriptive research characteristics, using secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively.
The research results show that legal protection for landowners whose certificates are controlled by other parties remains guaranteed through civil lawsuits to request the return of certificates and determination of ownership rights, because ownership is not lost merely because the certificate is controlled by others and can be proven through supporting documents and data from the National Land Agency. Parties who claim to be landowners when they are not entitled can be subject to sanctions based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code with legal consequences in the form of obligations to return the land, pay compensation, and potentially enter the criminal realm of document forgery, where all legal actions taken are declared invalid and null and void. The Supreme Court's considerations in Decision Number 691 K/Pdt/2025 show substantial weaknesses despite rejecting PT Sinar Waluyo's cassation, because it did not explicitly annul the legally defective Sales and Purchase Binding Agreement Deed, did not analyze the prohibition of absolute power of attorney in SEMA Number 4 of 2016, did not consider the invalidity of the Rights Waiver Deed, did not impose comprehensive sanctions in the form of physical handover and immaterial compensation, and ignored the criminal dimension regarding indications of document forgery.111 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Study of the Distribution of Domestic Wastewater Contamination from Septic Tanks on Andosol Soil Types
No full textThe current increasing population growth will increase development, especially residential
development. Population growth leads to surface and groundwater pollution due to limited
sanitation and domestic waste management. Households generally use septic tanks to
manage domestic wastewater, but these often do not comply with SNI regulations,
potentially contaminating shallow groundwater. Due to these issues, the authors conducted
a laboratory-scale simulation of septic tank wastewater distribution in andosol soil. This
simulation was conducted using a 100 cm x 100 cm x 40 cm glass box. The purpose of this
study was to determine the spread distance, travel time, and flow rate of septic tank
wastewater horizontally and vertically in a glass box. The spread simulation was carried
out with a test scale between the laboratory and existing conditions of 1:10. The physical
properties of the soil were tested, the concentration of Escherichia coli and Ammonia
(NH3N) contaminant parameters, and the concentration of contaminants based on distance
and time. The number of samples tested was 20 points arranged diagonally. The results of
the soil physical properties test include; soil specific gravity value of 2.6505%, plastic limit
of 10.985%, liquid limit of 36.697%, plastic index of 25.712%, sieve analysis of 17.265%,
water content of 20.42%, and permeability value of 5.966x 10-5 cm/s. The results of the
Escherichia coli concentration test at the closest distance from the source of the spread of
18.3 x 107 (CFU/100 ml) and the furthest distance of 6.2 x 107 (CFU/100 ml) with a
percentage decrease of 66%. The concentration of Ammonia (NH3N) at the closest distance
from the source of the spread of 4.2 (mg/L) and the furthest distance of 1.1 (mg/L) with a
percentage decrease of 74%. The simulation results of the vertical distribution of septic
tank wastewater in a glass box as far as 20 cm requires 236 minutes (3 hours 56 minutes)
with an infiltration rate of 5.56 cm/hour and horizontal distribution in a glass box at a
distance of 80 cm requires a distribution travel time of 505 minutes (8 hours 25 minutes)
with a speed/flow rate of septic tank water distribution of 9.2 x 10-3 Liters/minute.88 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compounds From the Bark of Kesambi (Schleichera oleasa (Lour.) Oken)
No full textThe isolation and identification of flavonoid compounds from the stem bark of
kesambi (Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken) were carried out through several stages.
The research process began with maceration extraction using methanol as the
solvent, followed by liquid–liquid partition extraction using ethyl acetate and n-
hexane to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction, which was subsequently concentrated.
The concentrated ethyl acetate extract was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography
(TLC) and further separated using column chromatography with silica gel as the
stationary phase and ethyl acetate as the mobile phase in various ratios (90:10;
80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 40:60; 30:70; 20:80; 10:90, v/v). The third fraction was
further purified by preparative TLC using chloroform–ethyl acetate (10:90 v/v) as the
mobile phase. The isolated compound was obtained as a brownish amorphous solid
with a mass of 6 mg and an Rf value of 0.55 using chloroform–ethyl acetate (10:90
v/v) as the eluent. Further analysis of the isolated compound by UV–Visible
spectrophotometry showed two absorption maxima at wavelengths of 320 nm and
260 nm. Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence of O–H
stretching vibrations at 3425.58 cm⁻¹, C=O (ketone) stretching vibrations at 1639.59
cm⁻¹, and C–O stretching vibrations at 1259.52 cm⁻¹. The ¹H-NMR spectrum
identified the H-2 proton at a chemical shift of 8.54 ppm, which is characteristic of
an isoflavone structure. Based on the spectroscopic data, the isolated compound was
identified as an isoflavone.69 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Pop-Up Market in Berastagi Karo Regency (1997-2016)
No full textThis research discusses the background to the emergence of the Berastagi
Pop up Market in 1997, analyzes its development until 2016, and explains the
market's role in supporting the local economy. This study uses a historical method
with a qualitative descriptive approach through document studies, observations,
and interviews with vendors, visitors, and related parties. The results show that the
Berastagi Surprise Market grew from the community's practical need for warm food
at night, then developed into a night culinary space through the creativity,
solidarity, and collective work of residents. In the early days, the types of culinary
offerings were still simple, such as grilled chicken, grilled fish, fried noodles, and
fried rice, but gradually developed into a more diverse culinary offering. The
number of vendors increased significantly from fifteen vendors at the beginning to
around forty to forty-five vendors in 2016. This market plays a significant role in
supporting the economy of the vendors' families and creating a chain economic
effect for the surrounding community. In addition, the Berastagi Surprise Market
serves as a space for social interaction between local residents and tourists,
although its presence also causes social impacts such as disturbances, minor traffic
jams, cooking fumes, and environmental hygiene issues.105 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Temperature Distribution Simulation in Horticultural Cold Storage using 1 PK Split AC with Ansys Software
No full textThis study aims to analyze the temperature distribution in a horticultural cold storage system that uses a 1 PK split air conditioner as the main cooling source. The simulation was conducted using ANSYS software to model the cold airflow and predict the temperature distribution pattern inside the storage room. The modeling stages included creating the room geometry, setting boundary conditions, and applying thermal parameters that correspond to the operational conditions of the cooling system. This analysis is important because uneven temperature distribution can reduce the quality of horticultural commodities that are sensitive to temperature fluctuations. The simulation results show that the airflow tends to be concentrated in the central area of the room, causing this region to cool faster compared to the corners and lower parts of the storage space. This condition leads to non-uniform temperature distribution, with several zones remaining at higher temperatures due to the airflow not reaching the entire volume of the room effectively. To improve cooling uniformity, design modifications such as adding airflow guides or adjusting the AC unit position are required. These findings indicate that a simple cold storage system using a split AC still needs further optimization to maintain stable temperatures in accordance with horticultural storage standards. This research is expected to serve as a reference for developing efficient small-scale cold storage systems.95 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Association Between Viral Load, Cluster of Differentiation 4, and Serum Homocysteine Levels With HIV–Related Peripheral Neuropathy
No full textBackground: Peripheral neuropathy is the most common neurological complication of human immunodeficiency virus infection, with a prevalence of approximately 19–42%. Elevated viral load is associated with an increased risk of peripheral neuropathy, partly through direct and indirect neurotoxic effects on peripheral nerves. Decreased CD4 counts lead to immune dysregulation and macrophage activation, which trigger the release of pro inflammatory cytokines and result in axonal degeneration. Increased serum homocysteine levels, which are frequently observed in HIV infection, can cause neuronal injury through excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, leading to distal axonal degeneration.
Purpose: To determine the association between viral load levels, CD4, and serum homocysteine levels with peripheral neuropathy related to human immunodeficiency virus.
Method: This study was an observational analytic study with a cross sectional design conducted 50 HIV patients at Adam Malik Hospital in Medan. Peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed using the Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screening (BPNS) tool and nerve conduction studies, while serum viral load, CD4 count, and homocysteine levels were measured using real time PCR, flow cytometry, and enzymatic assays, respectively. The associations of viral load, CD4 count, and serum homocysteine levels with HIV associated peripheral neuropathy were analyzed using chi square and Mann–Whitney tests, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
Results: Based on the BPNS, there was a significant association between viral load (p<0.001), CD4 count (p<0.001), and serum homocysteine levels (p<0.001) with peripheral neuropathy. According to nerve conduction studies, there was a significant association between viral load (p=0.003), CD4 count (p=0.018), and serum homocysteine levels (p=0.003) with peripheral neuropathy. With respect to sural nerve amplitude, there was a significant association between viral load (p=0.003), CD4 count (p=0.001), and serum homocysteine levels (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, only viral load remained significantly associated with peripheral neuropathy as defined by BPNS (p=0.010; OR 9.643; 95% CI 1.722–54.015) and nerve conduction studies (p=0.038; OR 5.361; 95% CI 1.097–26.195). For sural nerve amplitude, viral load (p=0.048; OR 9.629; 95% CI 1.017–91.206) and CD4 count (p=0.037; OR 5.732; 95% CI 1.106–29.691) showed a significant association with abnormal amplitude.
Conclusion: Viral load showed the most consistent association with HIV related peripheral neuropathy, based on both BPNS and nerve conduction studies, and together with CD4 was significantly associated with sural nerve amplitude. In the bivariate analysis, CD4 and serum homocysteine were also associated with HIV related peripheral neuropathy.149 PagesTesis Magiste