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International Legal Protection for Child Soldiers Involved In Armed Conflict (Case Study of Dominic Ongwen as a Perpetrator of Child Soldier Recruitment in Uganda, 2021)
No full textThis research examines the framework of international legal protection for
child soldiers through a case study of Dominic Ongwen, a former child soldier
forcibly recruited by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda who later
became a perpetrator of war crimes prosecuted by the International Criminal Court
(ICC). The study aims to analyze the international legal norms governing the
prohibition of child recruitment in armed conflict, the mechanisms for protecting
children affected by war, and the legal assessment of individual criminal
responsibility when the accused bears a dual status as both victim and perpetrator.
The research employs a normative legal method using statute and case approaches.
Data are collected from international instruments, including the Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC), the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in
Armed Conflict (OPAC), the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols,
the Rome Statute of 1998, as well as academic literature on child soldiers and
international criminal law enforcement. The findings show that international law
clearly prohibits the recruitment and use of children under the age of 18 in
hostilities and obligates States to provide comprehensive protection and
rehabilitation for child victims of armed conflict. However, challenges persist in
implementation, particularly in countries with prolonged internal conflict and weak
legal capacity. The Ongwen case illustrates that the ICC upholds the principle of
individual criminal accountability while considering the accused’s childhood
victimization as a contextual factor rather than grounds for exculpation.173 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Factors Associated with Adherence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treatment at the Pulmonary Polyclinic of Prof. Dr. Chairudin P. Lubis USU Teaching Hospital
No full textBackground: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, with a persistently low level of treatment adherence. Adherence to therapy is crucial for controlling symptoms, reducing exacerbation rates, and improving the quality of life of COPD patients. Various factors are thought to influence adherence levels; however, data regarding these factors in Indonesia, especially in North Sumatra, remain limited.
Objective:This study aims to identify the factors associated with treatment adherence among COPD patients at the Pulmonary Clinic of Prof. Dr. Chairudin P. Lubis USU Teaching Hospital.
Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 91 stable COPD patients treated at the Pulmonary Clinic of Prof. Dr. Chairudin P. Lubis USU Teaching Hospital from January to May 2025 who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics, as well as adherence level assessed by the MMAS-8 instrument. Data analysis was performed bivariately using the chi-square test.
Results:The majority of respondents were over 50 years old (79.1%), male (76.9%), had a high school education or equivalent (49.5%), and high economic status (70.3%). Most lived near health facilities (75.8%) and received family support (80.2%). Good adherence was found in 80.2% of patients. There were significant associations between age, education level, economic status, distance to health facilities, degree of obstruction (GOLD), preferred inhaler device, knowledge level, satisfaction with health facilities, family support, and GOLD group with treatment adherence (p0.05).
Conclusion:Treatment adherence in COPD is influenced by age, education, economic status, distance to health facilities, degree of obstruction, preferred inhaler device, knowledge, satisfaction with health services, family support, and GOLD group. Efforts to improve adherence should focus on patient education, appropriate inhaler device selection, improved service access, and strengthened family support.111 PagesTesis Magiste
Determinants of Sedentary Behavior Among Adolescents (Aged 15-24 Years) in Medan City
No full textAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, with two million annually attribute to sedentary lifestyle driven by various factors. This study aims to analyze the relationship between predisposing factors (age, sex, knowledge, attitude, motivation, self-efficacy), enabling factors (facilities), and reinforcing factors (income and family support) with sedentary behavior among adolescents aged 15–24 years who were overweight (BMI ≥23. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05. The results from 100 respondents show that 60% had hight sedentary behavior while 40% had low sedentary behavior. Predisposing factors significantly associated with sedentary behavior include age (p=0.047), sex (p=0.037), knowledge (p=0.002), attitudes (p=0.045), and self-efficacy (p=0.028), while self-motivation was not significantly association (p=0.062). The enabling factors of facilities, was significantly associated (p=0.014). among reinforcing factors family support was significantly associated (p=0.037). whereas income was not (p=0.117). Multivariate logistic regression analyzed revealed that family support was the dominants factor influencing sedentary behavior with Exp (B)=6.576. Adolescents with poor family support were six times more likely to exhibit in sedentary behavior compared to those with good family support. In conclusion, adolescents with poor knowledge, low motivation and self-efficacy and limited facilities and family support had a 92.51% probability of engaging in sedentary behavior. Interventions to enhance knowledge, motivation, family support and the provition, of adequate physical activity facilities are essential to reduce sedentary behavior among adolescents.146 PagesTesis Magiste
Analysys Effect Transformational Leadership and Self-Efficacy on Employee Performance through Employee Innovativeness among Employees of Perumda Tirtanadi Sunggal Medan
No full textThe success of an organization is not solely determined by managerial strategies but also by the quality of human resources that are adaptive and competitive. This condition is evident at Perumda Tirtanadi Sunggal Branch, Medan, which achieved the distinction of being the best-performing branch for six consecutive months in
2025. This achievement reflects a strong commitment among employees to maintaining performance and the quality of public services. Nevertheless, despite this success, challenges remain regarding how leadership style and individual psychological factors can sustain and further enhance performance in the future.
This study aims to analyze the effect of transformational leadership and self-efficacy on employee performance through employee innovativeness. The research employs a quantitative approach using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis with SmartPLS software. The study involved all 50 employees of Perumda Tirtanadi Sunggal Branch as respondents using a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires measuring respondents' perceptions of leadership style, self-efficacy; innovativeness, and job performance. The results indicate that transformational leadership does not have a significant effect on employee performance or employee innovativeness. In contrast, self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on both variables. Employee innovativeness is also proven to play a crucial role in enhancing employee performance and in mediating the effect of self-efficacy on performance. These findings emphasize that employee performance at Perumda Tirtanadi Sunggal Branch is not solely determined by transformational leadership, but is more strongly influenced by employees' self-confidence and their capacity for innovation.192 PagesTesis Magiste
Feasibility Analysis of Organic Minapadi Farming Technology (Case Study in Meat Village, Tampahan District, Toba Regency)
No full textTechnological feasibility Refers to the extent to which an innovation can
be adopted technically, economically, socially, and ecologically by the target
community. In the agricultural context, technological feasibility includes: (1)
technical feasibility, such as suitability to climate and soil; (2) economic
feasibility, such as costs and yields; (3) socio-cultural feasibility, such as
community acceptance and farming habits; and (4) environmental feasibility, such
as impacts on the surrounding ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to examine
the possibility and feasibility of organic minapadi farming technology to be
developed in Meat Village from technical, economic, and social aspects.
Minapadi is an agricultural cultivation system that combines rice and fish plants
in one place or field. The research method used in this study is a case study that
examines the comparison between the implementation of organic minapadi
farming technology with GAP standards from technical, economic, and social
aspects. The results of the study show that overall, organic minapadi technology
is considered feasible to be developed in Meat Village, with the note that
assistance, technical training, and strengthening of farmer institutions are
needed. From the three technical, economic, and social aspects, organic rice-fish
farming technology demonstrates a high level of feasibility and merits further
development in Meat Village. Its potential economic benefits, socio-cultural
suitability, and technical alignment with environmentally friendly agricultural
principles make this technology a superior alternative for the future of agriculture
in the region.75 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Identification Of The Factors Causing Rework In The Construction Project Of Brayan Water Treatment Plant With A Capacity Of 500 Liters Per Second
No full textThe Brayan Water Treatment Plant with a capacity of 500 Liters/Second is a project
that is expected to improve the distribution of clean water to various areas that
need it. However, in its implementation, the Brayan IPA project experienced delays,
one of the causes of which was rework. Rework is very common in the construction
industry, so no matter how well construction management is handled, rework
cannot be completely avoided. This has a negative impact on construction
implementation. However, rework can be minimized by taking preventive measures
to avoid it, starting with identifying the factors that cause rework. The purpose of
this study is to determine whether design, managerial, and resource factors
influence rework and what factors are the main causes of rework in the Brayan
Water Treatment Plant Construction Project with a capacity of 500 Liters/Second.
In this study, 37 respondents participated, including contractor teams and workers.
The collected respondent data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0, yielding results on
the relationship between design, managerial, and resource factors to rework, as
well as the primary causes of rework. The results of this study indicate that design
and documentation factors, managerial factors, and resource factors collectively
influence the occurrence of rework, with a calculated F value > table F value
(19.509 > 2.891). The managerial variable has a calculated T value of 2.554, while
the table T value is 1.692, so the calculated T value is greater than the table T value
(2.554 > 1.692), and the significance level is 0.016 < 0.05. Therefore, it can be
concluded that managerial factors significantly influence rework.77 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Legal Protection of Insurance Beneficiaries for Refusal to Pay Claims by Life Insurance Companies (Study of Decision Number 38/Pdt.G/2023/PN Tgl)
No full textThere are often complaints from clients of life insurance companies that the
submission of claims takes a very long time and is not simple by the life
insurance company concerned. This is what causes the dispute. As in the case
in the Tegal District Court Decision Number 38/Pdt.G/2023/PN Tgl regarding
the rejection of life insurance claims against the insured who had died filed by
his heirs. This research aims to find out the reason why the Insurer rejects the
claim filed by the Heirs of the Insured who has died and to find out the legal
protection of life insurance beneficiaries if the Insurer is proven to have
committed an act of default on the claim filed by the Heirs of the Insured who
has died, and to find out the Legal Considerations of the Panel of Judges
regarding the Insurer's default on the claim filed by the Heirs of the Insured
who has died based on the legal considerations. Decision of Tegal District
Court Number 38/Pdt.G/2023/PN Tgl.
The research method used in this research is a type of normative legal
research method using secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and
tertiary legal materials. The data collection methods used are literature study
and document study. Data analysis in this research is carried out with
qualitative methods.
The results showed that the reason for the rejection of the claim made by
the Insurer was because the Insured was not honest in giving the statement
contained in the Life Insurance Request Letter. However, this cannot be proven
by the life insurance company. The legal protection for the act of default stated
by the Panel of Judges in the case a quo is that the Defendant is punished to
compensate the Plaintiffs in accordance with applicable laws and regulations98 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Charismatic Perspective on Cultural Traditions: A Case Study of the Indonesian Apostolic Olive Church in Medan
No full textSeeing the development of the current era, each stream is getting wider. Even the places of worship are increasing, such as Protestant Christian churches. Almost every region has places of worship even more than one for one belief. Now the Protestant Christian church is getting more advanced, especially the newer one called charismatic, charismatic continuation of Protestant Christianity. This research was conducted using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. Observations, interviews, documentation and others were carried out. The results of this study reveal the charismatic view of local cultural traditions, which states that local cultural traditions are the result of human creation or human teachings which are not in accordance with the teachings of God's word. Therefore, this study also discusses cultural products that can and cannot be carried out by the charismatic stream and explains the meaning of culture from an anthropological perspective where culture is a system of ideas, actions and results of human practice through learning.136 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Design of Capillary Pipe and Compressor Selection to Improve Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Refrigerator
No full textThe refrigeration system is a process of absorbing heat from a high temperature room and then transferring the heat to a certain medium that has a lower temperature and still maintains the temperature as needed. The refrigerator has main components, namely the compressor, condenser, capillary tube, and evaporator. The cooling load is the heat that will be absorbed by the evaporator and affects the performance of the refrigerator. Determining the diameter and length of the capillary tube is very necessary to achieve optimal performance so that the compressor can suck refrigerant from the evaporator the same as that passed through the capillary tube. The selection of the compressor is based on the total cooling load so that the mass flow rate and enthalpy difference are obtained. In this design, the total cooling load is 0,36144 kW, the temperature achieved is -18 ˚C, the mass flow rate is 0,002751 kg/s, the compressor power is 113,6 W with an electric current of 0,6 A, the heat released by the condenser is 0,475 kW, the ideal COP is 3,18, the diameter and length of the capillary tube are 0,66 mm and 2,014 m.55 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
The Influence of Hierarchy Culture and Workforce Agility on Organizational Agility in the Local Government of Dairi Regency
No full textThis study aims to examine the influence of hierarchy-type organizational culture and workforce agility on organizational agility in the context of local government. The background of this research is based on the need for public sector organizations to transform quickly and adaptively to face the challenges of the VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) era and technological disruption. The research was conducted at the Dairi Regency Government with 204 Civil Servants (Pegawai Negeri Sipil) respondents who have worked for at least two years at the current agency. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling. The research instrument consists of the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) scale, workforce agility, and organizational agility. The results of regression analysis show that both hierarchy culture and workforce agility have a positive and significant effect on organizational agility. This finding indicates that although hierarchical culture is synonymous with rigid bureaucracy, adaptive and flexible management can actually encourage the agility of public sector organizations. The practical implications of this research provide strategic recommendations for local governments in building structures and work cultures that support agile bureaucratic reform.138 PagesTesis Magiste