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Effectiveness of 2% Red Palm Oil Nanoemulgel (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) on The number Fibroblast Cells After Post-Tooth Extraction of Wistar White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
No full textFollowing tooth extraction, wound healing physiologically occurs, which systematically consists of several phases, hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Fibroblasts play an important role in the proliferation phase, especially in the formation of new extracellular matrix needed to restore the structure and function of damaged tissue. Fibroblast activity continues until the remodeling phase, during which the produced collagen undergoes maturation and reorganization to form stronger and more stable tissue. Natural ingredients that can be used to speed up wound healing is red palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The healing properties of red palm oil have been reported in several studies, but there has been no research related to wound healing after tooth extraction. This study aims to analyze the effect of red palm oil nanoemulgel on fibroblast proliferation in wound healing after tooth extraction in Wistar rat strains. This study is an experimental laboratory research using 9 treatment groups that will be observed until the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days. The results of the study were measured by calculating the Mean Cell Count of fibroblasts. Data analyzed using one way ANOVA and post-hoc tests showed a significant difference in the mean number of fibroblast cells (p<0.05). Observations showed that red palm oil nanoemulgel is effective in fibroblast proliferation in wound healing post-tooth extraction.108 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Experimental Study on the Performance of Lignin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) as a Corrosion Inhibitor for ST41 Steel In 0.5 M H₂SO₄ Medium
No full textThis experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on weight loss, corrosion rate, inhibition efficiency, and changes in surface roughness of low-carbon steel ST41. The study also aimed to assess the efficiency of lignin extracted from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) as a natural corrosion inhibitor for ST41 steel in sulfuric acid (HSO4) medium, and to observe the morphological characteristics of the steel surface with and without the inhibitor. The weight loss method was employed as the primary technique due to its simplicity, by measuring the difference between the initial and final weight of the specimen after immersion in the inhibitor solution. In addition, microscopic and cross-sectional observations were conducted to determine the type and morphology of corrosion formed on the steel surface. The results showed corrosion rate values of 31.6922 mpy. 16.1809 mpy, 15.6787 mpy, and 22.3719 mpy, corresponding to inhibition efficiencies of 34.56%, 82.48%, 67.83%, and 23.85%, respectively, for the 3 g/L inhibitor concentration at immersion times of 1 h. 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. At a concentration of 7 g/L, the corrosion rates were 26.3358 mpy. 12.2379 mpy, 10.5780 mpy, and 20.2028 mpy, resulting in inhibition efficiencies of 45.62%, 86.75%, 78.30%, and 31.23% for the same immersion durations. These results indicate that the lignin extract acts effectively as a green corrosion inhibitor, with higher concentrations and moderate immersion times producing more stable protective film formation on the ST41 steel surface.128 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Extensive Interpretation of The Crime of Theft in Cyber Crime
No full textThe rapid development of information technology has shifted the paradigm of crime or crime from conventional to the digital realm (cyber crime). Digital transformation has changed the characteristics of theft, from the physical transfer of an item to the takeover of information value through an electronic process involving the internet network. Legal problems arise when Article 362 of the Criminal Code is applied to cyber crime cases, where the perpetrator's actions often do not remove the original data from the owner, but are limited to copying or duplicating it. This study aims to analyze the legitimacy of the extensive interpretation of the crime of theft in cyber crime, regarding one element, namely "taking" which is interpreted as the act of "duplicating"
The research method used is qualitative and descriptive analytical. The research data used secondary data. Data were collected using literature review methods. Data analysis was conducted using qualitative analysis methods.
The research findings show that interpreting the element of "taking" as the act of "duplicating" represents an expansive interpretation relevant to the nature of digital data. Legally, the essence of "taking" in theft is "the unlawful transfer of power from a legitimate owner." In the digital context, unauthorized duplication of data can be considered the seizure of exclusive power over the information, resulting in economic or functional loss for the legitimate owner. Focusing the interpretation on the element of "taking" rather than the element of "goods" is considered more effective in avoiding the trap of analogy, because it still refers to the text of the act contained in the law but its meaning is expanded according to the technical reality of cybercrime. This interpretation provides a basis for judges to address the crime of data theft without having to wait for comprehensive legislative reform, while still respecting the boundaries of the principle of legality.118 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Analysis of Risk Factors and Rationality of Drug Use in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis
No full textBackground: Hepatic cirrhosis remains a global health issue due to its high
morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the disease
continues to rise, especially in developing countries.
Objective: To analyze the risk factors and the rationality of drug use in patients
with hepatic cirrhosis.
Methods: A case–control design to analyze the risk factors and a cross-sectional
design to analyze the rationality of drug use in patients with hepatic cirrhosis at
Adam Malik Hospital. A total of 1568 patients (divided into 784 patients as the case
group and 784 patients as the control group) for risk factors analysis and 120
patients from the case group for the rationality analysis, were randomly selected
from medical records period January 2022 to December 2024. The risk factors
(calculated in adjusted Odds Ratio or aOR) were analyzed using multivariate
regression and the rationality was evaluated based on the clinical pathway
guidelines. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS program version
25.0.
Results: Among the participants, 75.38% of hepatic cirrhosis patients were male.
The mean age of these patients was 53.97 ± 11.19 years. The three highest risk
factors for hepatic cirrhosis were alcoholism (aOR = 24.452), hepatitis C (aOR =
24.172), and hepatitis B (aOR = 21.381). A total of 30.83% of 120 cirrhosis patients
received rational therapy.
Conclusion: This study highlighted that the three major risk factors for hepatic
cirrhosis were alcoholism, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B virus infection. Only 30.83%
of patients with hepatic cirrhosis received rational therapy.244 PagesTesis Magiste
Bioaccumulation Analysis of Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Siombak
No full textLead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that is persistent and capable of accumulating in aquatic
organisms through bioconcentration and biomagnification processes. This study aimed to analyze Pb concentrations in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), determine the bioconcentration factor (BCF), and evaluate the influence of environmental factors on Pb accumulation in Lake Siombak, Medan City. Sampling was conducted at two observation sites, namely the Inlet and the Midlet, during the period of December 2024 to May 2025, representing the rainy season (DecemberFebruary) and the dry season (March–May). A total of 24 tilapia samples were collected, consisting of 12 fish from the Inlet and 12 fish from the Midlet, with two fish sampled at each station every month. In addition, 12 water samples were collected, comprising one sample per station per month during March–May 2025. Pb concentrations in water and fish muscle tissue were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), while water quality parameters including pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and total suspended solids (TSS) were also measured. The results showed that Pb concentrations in Lake Siombak water ranged from approximately 0.10 to 0.15 mg/L, which were still below the water quality standards. However, Pb was detected in tilapia muscle tissue at concentrations ranging from approximately 0.07 to 18.1 mg/kg. This indicates that although Pb levels in water were relatively low, the metal could still
accumulate in fish through uptake from water and the aquatic food web. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Pb in tilapia ranged from approximately 5 to 9, with an average value of about 0.05, indicating a low accumulation capacity of Pb in Oreochromis niloticus. Statistical analysis showed that seasonal variation (rainy and dry seasons) had no significant effect on Pb concentrations in fish. Variations in Pb levels in fish tissues were more strongly influenced by fluctuations in water quality and the tidal hydrological dynamics of Lake Siombak than by biological factors of the fish. Despite the low BCF values, the presence of Pb in tilapia indicates that this species remains a potential bioindicator of Pb contamination in the waters of Lake Siombak.161 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Diversity and Potential of Cellulolytic Bacteria and Fungi From The Gut of Oryctes rhinoceros L.
No full textThe gut of insects is the natural habitat of various microbes that have the ability to
degrade cellulose, which is the main component of plant walls. Oryctes rhinoceros L.,
is one of the pests in oil palm and is thought to have potential cellulolytic bacteria and
fungi in the digestive tract that have not been widely explored. This study aims to
uncover the diversity and potential of cellulolytic bacteria and fungi from the gut of
O. rhinoceros L. as a new source of enzymes. Isolation of bacteria and fungi is
conducted by the spread plate method using the medium of Nutrient Agar (NA) for
bacteria and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungi. Screening of cellulolytic activity
was conducted using the selective medium of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) 1%.
Identification of isolates could potentially be conducted based on morphological
characters as well as molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and ITSrDNA for fungi. The cellulase enzyme was purified using gel filtration
chromatography and ion exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose. Enzyme
characterization includes molecular weight analysis with SDS-PAGE, measurement of
specific activity, pH, optimal temperature, and the influence of metal ions on enzyme
activity. A total of 42 bacterial and fungal isolates were successfully isolated from the
digestive tract of instar III larvae and O. rhinoceros L. beetles, consisting of 19
bacterial isolates and 23 fungal isolates. Based on the Shannon and Simpson index, it
shows that the diversity of bacteria and fungi in the gut of O. rhinoceros L. is high
with a Shannon index value of 1.768-1.979 and a Simpson index of 0.826-0.847. Four
isolates showing the highest cellulolytic activity index were identified as Bacillus
tequilensis B01L (1.28) and Fusarium oxysporum F05L (0.90) isolated from the
gastrointestinal tract of instar III larvae. Bacillus cereus B19L (2.50) and Aspergillus
niger KOr15J (1.93) from the digestive tract of beetles. Pure cellulase yields a
molecular weight of 52.23 kDa for bacterial enzymes and 72.61 kDa for fungal
enzymes obtained from ion exchange chromatography. The highest specific activity
was shown by the cellulase enzyme of B. cereus B19L at 9.221 U/mg, followed by B.
tequilensis B01L (8.529 U/mg), F. oxysporum F05L (8.077 U/mg), and A. niger
KOr15J (4.242 U/mg). The cellulase activity of the bacteria shows optimum at pH 6–
7 and pH 5–6 for fungi, an optimum temperature of 30°C to 60°C. Ca²⁺ ions increase
the activity of cellulase enzymes from bacteria, while Fe²⁺ ions increase cellulase
activity from fungi. This study shows that bacteria and fungi from the digestive tract
of O. rhinoceros L. have high diversity and great potential in the stable and efficient
production of cellulase enzymes. This potential also shows the alpha ability to degrade
filterpaper, making it very prospective for the bioconversion of cellulose waste.152 PagesDisertasi Dokto
Optimization of the Scientific Paper Search System for the USU Institutional Repository Based on Large Language Models (LLM) with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
No full textThe Institutional Repository of Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) currently uses a keyword-based search system that has limitations in understanding semantic context and variations of natural language queries, which often results in low relevance for users. This study aims to design and implement a scholarly works search system that is more efficient, relevant, and contextual by leveraging large language model (LLM) technology. The methodology applied in this research is a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approach that integrates the Gemini model to generate answers and Elasticsearch as a vector database. The system employs a self-query retrieval mechanism to translate user questions into structured queries that automatically combine semantic search with metadata filtering, and performs indexing on abstracts of scholarly works from the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology that have been translated into Indonesian. This approach is designed to address hallucination issues in LLMs while improving document search precision. Test results show that the system is able to understand user queries in Indonesian and present answers that match the context. The system performance evaluation produced a context precision metric score of 0.99 and a context recall of 0.99, indicating a high capability to rank relevant documents at the top. Overall, the integration of LLM and RAG has proven successful in overcoming the weaknesses of conventional search by providing a more intuitive and accurate search experience, although the system still has limitations in handling questions involving statistical aggregation.88 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Juridical Review of the Use of Diplomatic Channels in Maritime Boundary Disputes between Indonesia and Timor Leste
No full textThe maritime boundary dispute between Indonesia and Timor-Leste constitutes a problem of maritime delimitation. Efforts to address this dispute may be pursued through peaceful diplomacy, prioritizing negotiation, mediation, and conciliation as means to achieve mutually beneficial solutions. This study aims to analyze the settlement of the dispute from the perspective of international law. Specifically, the research examines the regulation of maritime dispute settlement through diplomatic channels, the international legal perspective on the maritime boundary dispute between Indonesia and Timor-Leste, and the mechanisms for the use of diplomatic approaches in resolving the maritime boundary dispute between Indonesia and Timor-Leste under international law.
This research employs a normative legal research method using a statute approach. The data are derived from primary legal materials such as the Convention, and Law and Regulation. Secondary data were obtained from literature, journals, and official documents, while data collection was conducted through library research and qualitative analysis of relevant international legal norms and principles.
The findings indicate that The settlement of maritime boundary disputes between Indonesia and Timor-Leste primarily relies on peaceful diplomacy approaches as mandated by the United Nations Charter and UNCLOS 1982, with bilateral negotiations serving as the main avenue for determining the territorial sea, Exclusive Economic Zone, and continental shelf boundaries. Both countries prioritize direct dialogue based on the median line and equitable solution principles while taking into account relevant geographical factors and complex historical backgrounds. This diplomacy process is supported by joint technical forums such as the Joint Border Committee and the Technical Sub-Committee on Border Demarcation and Regulation, which analyze geospatial data and formulate provisional arrangements to prevent conflict. Throughout the process, both states must refrain from unilateral actions and negotiate in good faith, reflecting a diplomacy commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes. If negotiations reach an impasse, diplomacy mechanisms may continue through mediation, conciliation, or international arbitration, ensuring that the resolution remains rooted in constructive dialogue and cooperation.
Keywords: Maritime Border Dispute, International Law148 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Legal Consequences of the Establishment of a One-Person Limited Liability Company for Micro and Small Enterprises Based on Law Number 6 of 2026 Job Creation
No full textThe House of Representatives (DPR) together with the President have officially ratified the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation on March 31, 2023, with LN Number 41 and TLN Number 6856. The Law contains amendments to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies with policies stipulated in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation that there is a new form of company, namely the Individual Limited Liability Company intended for Micro and Small Enterprises. The main problems in this study include Regulations for the establishment of an individual limited liability company for micro and small enterprises; The position of an individual limited liability company for micro and small enterprises; and the legal consequences of the establishment of an individual limited liability company for micro and small enterprises based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation.
The research method employed in this thesis is normative juridical with a descriptive approach. The primary data source consists of secondary data collected through literature review and interviews. The data were analyzed qualitatively using statutory and historical approaches relevant to the subject matter of this thesis.
The findings of this research indicate that Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation introduces a conceptual and principled reform by allowing the formation of a limited liability company by a single individual, provided that the entity qualifies as a micro or small enterprise. Furthermore, the government issued Government Regulation Number 8 of 2021 to reinforce the provisions of Law Number 6 of 2023, regulating the establishment of such companies, their business activities, the drafting of a statement of establishment without requiring a notarial deed, electronic registration through the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (MENKUMHAM), and the company’s organizational structure. However, the existence of individual limited liability companies—particularly regarding the position and responsibilities of corporate organs, as well as the legal implications of their establishment without a notarial deed—does not align with current implementation practices, resulting in legal inconsistencies.103 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Analysis Of Factors Related To Near Miss Incidence Among Firefighters At Medan City Fire And Rescue Department
No full textOccupational safety and health play a vital role in protecting workers from
accidents, including near miss incidents frequently experienced by firefighters. A
near miss is an event that almost leads to a workplace accident but does not result
in physical or material loss. Firefighters are highly exposed to such risks due to
hazardous working conditions, such as collapsing structures, toxic smoke, and
electrical contact. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with near miss
incidents among firefighters in Medan City in 2025. This research employed a
quantitative analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population
included all 64 firefighters in the firefighting and rescue division of Medan City,
using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through structured
questionnaires and interviews, and analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95
percent confidence level. The results showed that the majority of respondents
were aged >31 years (51.6%) and had worked for more than 7 years (53.1%). Most
respondents (81.3%) had experienced a near miss, with the most frequent types
being almost struck by sharp objects (87.5%) and nearly exposed to toxic smoke
(82.8%). Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between occupational
safety and health (OSH) knowledge (p=0.0001), unsafe actions (p=0.024), and
work environment (p=0.036) with near miss incidents. In contrast, age (p=0.865),
years of service (p=0.570), and personal protective equipment (PPE) use
(p=0.062) showed no significant association with near miss incidents. It is
recommended that the Medan City Fire and Rescue Department enhance regular
OSH training and awareness programs, strengthen discipline in safe work
procedures, improve workplace conditions, and consistently emphasize the use of
complete PPE, even though its statistical relationship was not significant.136 halamanSkripsi Sarjan