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Experimental Study of Static Mechanical Properties and Crack Patterns of Concrete Reinforced with Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Fly Ash
No full textCement production significantly contributes to global carbon emissions, necessitating eco-friendly material innovations utilizing industrial waste. This study aims to analyze the effect of partial cement substitution using a combination of Fly Ash (FA) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA/ACS) on the static mechanical properties and crack pattern characteristics of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) mortar. The experimental method involved varying Fly Ash levels (10% and 15%) and ACS levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) by weight of cement. Tests included slump flow, density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, microstructural analysis using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and EDS, as well as crack pattern analysis following static testing. The results showed that all mixture variations exhibited good flowability with T500 spread times between 0.4 and 1.6 seconds. This material combination effectively improved density, where the M44 variation (15% FA + 15% ACS) recorded the lowest water absorption of 0.78%. The optimum composition was achieved in the M43 variation with a combination of 15% Fly Ash and 10% ACS. At 28 days, this variation yielded a maximum compressive strength of 49.56 MPa and a split tensile strength of 6.83 MPa, categorizing it as high-strength concrete. Microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of massive and dense Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) gel due to pozzolanic reactions and the filler effect. Furthermore, the addition of ACS proved to alter the material's failure behavior from brittle columnar crack patterns in control specimens to more ductile shear crack patterns through a mechanical interlocking mechanism between particles.116 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Small-Clawed Otters (Aonyx cinereus) Activities at the Rahmat Zoo and Park, Bengabing Village, Pegajahan, North Sumatera
No full textThis study aims to examine the activity patterns of small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus)
maintained at Rahmat Zoo and Park, Bengabing Village, Pegajahan, North Sumatra.
From a biological perspective, the study of daily activity provides important insights
into behavioral biology and supports conservation efforts by improving the
understanding of species adaptation under captive conditions. Observations are
conducted on a male and a female individual approximately one year old over a 14-day
period, from 08:00 to 16:00 WIB, using the focal animal sampling method with two
minute recording intervals. Activity data are classified into ten behavioral categories
and quantitatively analyzed by calculating the percentage frequency of each behavior,
which is then presented graphically. The results have shown that the dominant activities
of the male otter have been locomotion (36.32%) and resting (35.79%), whereas the
dominant activities of the female otters have been locomotion (34.72%) and resting
(36.85%). Other observed behaviors included vocalization, feeding, grooming, social
interaction, standing, alertness, elimination, territorial marking, begging, and mating,
all occurring at lower percentages. These findings demonstrated that the activities of
Aonyx cinereus in captivity have been largely dominated by locomotion and resting
behaviors and have been influenced by environmental factors and husbandry conditions.
This study has provided additional biological information to support management
practices and conservation strategies for small-clawed otters in conservation
institutions.70 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Effect of Modified Orange Sweet Potato Flour (Beta-1 Variety) and Cinnamon Powder Concertration of Production of Cake Bolu Bhoi
No full textCUT PATHAN Effect of Modified Orange Sweet Potato Flour (Beta-1 Variety) and Cinnamon Powder Concentration on the Production of Cake Bhoi (supervision by MIMI NURMINAH as Head of the Supervisory Committee and ISMED SUHAIDI as Member of the Supervisory Committee).
The Beta-1 variety of orange sweet potato is rich in beta-carotene, a provitamin A that is beneficial to health. The orange sweet potatoes were processed into modified flour using annealing, acetic acid, bimo cf, and instant yeast to improve their physical and functional properties, and the best modification method was applied in the production of bolu bhoi. Bolu bhoi, a traditional Acehnese fish-shaped cake bhoi with a soft and sweet texture, was innovated by incorporating modified orange sweet potato flour to improve its nutritional value, along with cinnamon powder to enhance its flavor and aroma. Cinnamon contains cinnamaldehyde compounds with antioxidant properties. This study was aimed to determine the interaction effects of adding modified Beta-1 orange sweet potato flour and cinnamon powder concentration on the quality characteristics of cake bolu bhoi. The research employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: modified orange sweet potato flour (T) (40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and cinnamon powder concentration (B) (0%, 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%). The parameters analyzed included moisture content, ash content, fat, protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber, beta-carotene, antioxidant activity, color, texture, aroma, taste, and overall acceptance.
The results of the study showed that the addition of modified orange sweet potato flour of Beta-1 variety (T) had a highly significant effect (P<0,01) on moisture content, ash content, protein content, crude fiber content, color descriptives, flavor hedonic, texture descriptives, and overall acceptance hedonic, as well as a significant effect (P<0,05) on fat content, carbohydrate content, and aroma hedonic. The concentration of cinnamon powder (B) had a highly significant effect (P<0,01) on moisture content, ash content, color descriptives, aroma hedonic, flavor hedonic, and overall acceptance hedonic, and a significant effect (P<0,05) on fat content, carbohydrate content, protein content, crude fiber content, and texture descriptives. The best treatment, based on the De Garmo method, was T1B4, which was the treatment with the addition of 40% modified orange sweet potato flour of Beta-1 variety and 1,5% cinnamon powder concentration.146 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Ownership Conflict Over Areas And Abandoned Land in Dusun I and V of Bandar Baru Village, Sibolangit District, Deli Serdang Regency
No full textLand has a very strategic position in the social, economic, and legal life of
Indonesian society, so that its management must be carried out in accordance with
the mandate of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia and Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Regulations. This
study aims to determine and analyze how ownership conflicts and legal resolutions
occur in cases located in Hamlets I and V, Bandar Baru Village, Sibolangit District,
Deli Serdang Regency. The research method used is empirical juridical with a
qualitative approach. Data were obtained through library studies and field studies
in the form of structured interviews with the North Sumatra National Land Agency
(BPN), Legal Counsel and the Community of Hamlets I and V, Bandar Baru Village.
The results of this study indicate that the land ownership conflict has not yet been
resolved and is still in dispute, the conflict was also triggered by the indecisiveness
of the National Land Agency in providing legal certainty to the community
regarding the status of land in the area of Hamlet I and Hamlet V, Bandar Baru
Village, Sibolangit District, Deli Serdang Regency. This study also recommends
that the government needs to reorganize the legal status of land in a comprehensive,
transparent, and equitable manner to avoid the continuation of conflicts in the
future. The local government together with the land agency is expected to
immediately conduct an inventory and confirmation of the status of land rights by
involving the community as the party that has long controlled and utilized the land.126 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Legal Protection for the Existence of the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta Indigenous Law Community Over the Customary Forest Post the Enforcement of Humbang Hasundutan Local Regulation No 3 of 2019 Concerning the Recognition and Protection of the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta Customary Law Community
No full textThe Pandumaan-Sipituhuta customary law community has historical, cultural, and economic ties to the Tombak Haminjon customary forest, which serves as their living space, source of livelihood, and their social identity. Changes in the legal framework following Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012, followed by the enactment of Humbahas Local Regulation No. 3 of 2019 and the customary forest decree, provide a strong basis for the recognition and protection of the customary rights of customary law community. However, the sustainability of legal protection for them still requires attention in order to keep pace with the times. This study aims to determine the legal protection of customary law community over customary forests in legislation, identify the mechanisms for recognizing and establishing customary law community and their customary forests, and examine the forms of legal protection for the Pandumaan–Sipituhuta customary law community before and after the enactment of Local Regulation No. 3 of 2019.
The method used was normative legal research with primary data support through interviews. The analysis was conducted qualitatively through a statute, conceptual, historical, and case approach..
The results of the study show that the legal protection of customary law cummunity over their forests has gained a strong normative basis, starting from the UUD 1945 to sectoral regulations such as the Forestry Law, followed by stages in accordance with ministerial regulations. The case study shows that before the Local Regulation, protection was still partial through the reservation of customary forests; while after the local regulation, recognition became more comprehensive, although there were still issues of inconsistency in the area covered by the 2020 customary forest decree, which was then revised in 2021. After this series of stagesthe customary law community and their rights to customary forests obtained legal protection guarantees, although the optimization of the implementation of the local regulation still needs to be strengthened.139 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
The Role of Single Parent Female Traders in Meeting Family Needs at Lalang Market Medan Sunggal District
No full textSingle parent women who work as traders in traditional markets constitute a vulnerable group, as they must perform dual roles as income earners and household managers under conditions of economic instability and limited social support. This study aims to analyze the role of single parent women traders in fulfilling family needs, to examine the trading activities they undertake, and to identify the survival strategies they employ in coping with economic constraints. This research adopts a qualitative approach with a descriptive design, using data collection techniques including in depth interviews, observation, and documentation involving single parent women traders at Kampung Lalang Market. Data analysis was conducted by linking field findings with role theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and the concept of survival strategies. The findings indicate that trading activities include merchandise preparation, selling and customer service, simple stock and financial management, as well as social interaction with buyers and fellow traders. Income generated from trading is utilized to meet basic family needs, particularly physiological needs, education, and health, although economic security and self actualization needs have not been evenly fulfilled. To maintain family livelihood, single parent women traders apply active, passive, and network based strategies by utilizing social relations and informal assistance. This study concludes that trading activities play an essential role as an adaptive strategy for single parent women in sustaining family functioning, in which family welfare can be achieved at the level of basic needs fulfillment, although it remains modest and vulnerable to changes in economic conditions.178 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Analysis of Apoptosis Protein Expression in Hyperglycemic Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Ethanol Extract of Batak Onion (Allium Chinense G. Don)
No full textDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance. It is currently crucial to explore new therapeutic approaches for DM and alternative natural agents that specifically target molecular signaling pathways associated with the disease, such as reducing free radicals and inhibiting apoptosis. Empirically, the Batak onion (Allium chinense G. Don) has been traditionally believed to possess benefits as a treatment for DM. This belief is supported by the presence of bioactive compounds in Batak onion, such as phenols and flavonoids, which have potential antidiabetic properties. In this study, the activity of ethanol extract of Batak onion (EEBB) as an alternative treatment for DM is evaluated in vivo. The dry powder of Batak onion bulbs was extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The secondary metabolites in EEBB were qualitatively detected using thin-layer chromatography, while total phenolic and flavonoid content was quantitatively determined through calorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated based on its ability to scavenge DPPH radicals. Furthermore, the antidiabetic effects of the extract were assessed in male rats, divided into six groups. Group 1, the negative control, was given 0.5% Na-CMC suspension; group 2 was given EEBB at 200 mg/kg BW; group 3 received EEBB at 400 mg/kg BW; group 4 received EEBB at 600 mg/kg BW; group 5 received 0.45 mg/kg BW glibenclamide, and group 6 was the normal group (without treatment). The antidiabetic activity of the extract was evaluated through its effects on SOD levels, HbA1c, daily blood glucose levels, pancreatic histopathology, insulin levels, iNOS levels, and caspase-3 expression. The results indicate that EEBB contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds, identified using three different mobile phases. Quantitatively, the phenolic content in EEBB was 18.0566 ± 0.046 mg GAE/g sample, while the flavonoid content was 5.7257 ± 0.039 mg QE/g sample. EEBB exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH radicals, with the highest inhibition observed at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, reaching 79.43 ± 0.961%. Moreover, EEBB demonstrated antidiabetic efficacy by lowering daily blood glucose levels over 28 days of observation. The antidiabetic effect of EEBB was further supported by its ability to increase SOD levels and decrease HbA1c levels. Histopathological analysis revealed that EEBB, particularly at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW, reduced pancreatic damage in rats induced with NA and STZ. This finding is further supported by the effects of EEBB on IRS levels of insulin, iNOS, and caspase-3 expression. Therefore, this study demonstrates that EEBB at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW exhibits superior antidiabetic efficacy compared to doses of 200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW in NA and STZ-induced diabetic rats.135 PagesDisertasi Dokto
Analysis of the Factors Influencing Livestock Farmers’ Exchange Rates in Aceh Province
No full textThis study aims to analyze the factors affecting the exchange rate of livestock farmers in Aceh Province using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. The variables used in this study are the components that make up the Livestock Farmers’ Exchange Rate, namely: the price index paid by farmers for household consumption expenditures, seed prices, prices of medicines and feed, rent and other expenditures, transportation costs, capital goods addition costs, agricultural labor wages, and the livestock farmers’ exchange rate for the period January 2017 to December 2024, obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik). The research results show that in the long run, the variables household consumption expenditure price index, rent and other expenditures price index, seed price index, and farm labor wage index have a significant effect on the exchange rate of livestock farmers in Aceh Province. Meanwhile, the variables medicine and feed price index, transportation price index, and capital goods addition price index have no significant effect. In the short run, the household consumption expenditure price index and transportation price index significantly affect the exchange rate of livestock farmers in Aceh Province, while the seed price index, medicine and feed price index, rent and other expenditures price index, capital goods addition price index, and farm labor wage index have no significant effect.123 PagesTesis Magiste
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Sungkai Leaf Extract (Peronema canescens) And Its Antibacterial Activity
No full textBackground: Silver nanoparticles or argentum nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using green synthesis methods have attracted widespread attention due to their various therapeutic potentials. Sungkai leaves (P. canescens) are known to contain secondary metabolites that act as natural reducing agents.
Objective: This study aims to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antibacterial activity of AgNPs synthesized using sungkai leaf extract (P. canescens).
Methods: Synthesis was carried out by reacting a 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution with sungkai leaf extract (P. canescens) at pH 9. Nanoparticle characterization was performed by analyzing absorbance peaks, functional groups, particle size, particle surface morphology, and crystal structure. Antibacterial activity was tested against S. aureus and E. coli using the disk diffusion and microdilution methods.
Results: The UV–Vis spectrum shows an absorption peak at 414.5 nm, indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles. PSA analysis shows an average particle size of 68.01±63.29 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.426, while SEM morphological analysis shows a spherical morphology and homogeneous particle distribution. XRD results confirmed a face-centered cubic crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 14,88 ± 6,05 nm. Antibacterial testing showed inhibition zones with a strong category for S. aureus and E. coli bacteria and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.63% for S. aureus and 1.25% for E. coli, respectively.
Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles synthesized using sungkai leaf extract (P. canescens) exhibit significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This green synthesis method has the potential to be developed as an effective and environmentally friendly natural antibacterial agent.95 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Adaptation of Papuan Students in Medan, Studying at USU and Living in Dormitories
No full textPapuan students who pursue higher education in Medan close to University of
North Sumatera encounter an adaptation process to social and academic
environments that differ from their place of origin. This study aims to explain the
forms of adaptation, challenges, and strategies used by Papuan students in
adjusting to their residential environment and the campus setting of the University
of North Sumatra. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data
were collected through in-depth interviews and observations involving 10 Papuan
students who are members of the Papuan Students Association of North Sumatra.
The data were analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data display, and
conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that adaptation is carried out through
participation in student organizations, adjustment of communication behavior, and
the development of broader social relations. The main challenges include cultural
differences, stereotypes, and language barriers. Adaptation strategies involve
establishing social support among fellow Papuan students, participating in campus
activities, and enhancing cross-cultural communication skills. Overall, the
adaptation process occurs gradually and is influenced by continuous social
interaction and acceptance of environmental diversity within the campus.81 PagesSkripsi Sarjan