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Estimating the comprehensive overview of Oncorhynchus masou virus disease outbreak in Rainbow trout using mortality data : Coupling data on experimental infection and field observation by mathematical modeling
Get PDFjournal articleTime series of the number of infected individuals is measured to understand the dynamics of an infectious disease and to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures against it. However, in fish diseases, it is often difficult to record the time series of the infected fish owing to i) ambiguous clinical symptoms during the onset of disease and ii) cost of diagnosis. To address this issue, we established a mathematical modeling-based method to infer time series of the number of infected fish by coupling the experimental infection and field data on the outbreak of the disease. This method enables to reconstruct time series of the number of infected fish using mortality data obtained from the experimental infection. The reconstructed time series enables to estimate the transmissibility of fish diseases. We studied Oncorhynchus masou virus (salmonid herpesvirus 2) disease (OMVD) using Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model for analysis and estimated the lethality rate of OMVD infection and the basic reproduction number (R0), i.e., transmissibility of OMVD. Our results revealed that larger fish (≥200 g) showed a higher OMVD lethality rate and R0s when compared with smaller fish (<200 g). This suggests that high mortality among large fish does not inhibit the transmission of pathogen when compared with small fish.journal articl
Estimation of economic loss by carcass weight reduction of Japanese dairy cows due to infection with bovine leukemia virus
Get PDFjournal articleBovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is endemic in Japanese dairy farms. To promote the participation of farmers in BLV infection control in Japan, it is important to provide estimates of the economic losses caused by this infection. We hypothesized that decreased immune function due to BLV infection would increase visceral abnormalities, in turn reducing carcass weight. We employed mediation analysis to estimate the annual economic loss due to carcass weight reduction caused by BLV infection. Culled Holstein cows from 12 commercial dairy farms in the Nemuro and Kushiro regions of Hokkaido, Japan, were traced. Information on age and the last delivery day were collected. A non-infected culled cow was defined as a cow from which BLV provirus was not detected. A high-proviral-load (H-PVL) cow was defined as a cow whose PVL titer was above 2465 copies/50 ng DNA or 56,765 copies/105 cells. A BLV-infected cow with PVL titer lower than the thresholds was categorized as low-proviral load (L-PVL). Post-mortem examination results for culled cows were collected from a meat inspection center. The hypothesis was tested by three models, using data from 222 culled dairy cows. Model 1, a generalized linear mixed-effects model, selected carcass weight as an outcome variable, BLV status and the potential confounders (lactation stage and age) as explanatory variables, and herd as a random effect. Model 2 additionally included the number of abnormal findings in the post-mortem examination (AFPE) as an explanatory variable. Model 3 applied a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model, which employed a mediator separately modeled for AFPE, to estimate the amount of direct, indirect, and total carcass weight loss with adjustment for known confounding factors. Compared to the mean carcass weight for the non-infected culled cows, the carcass weight for H-PVL culled cows was significantly decreased by 30.4 kg on average. For each increase of one in the number of AFPE, the mean carcass weight was decreased by 8.6 kg. Only the indirect effect of BLV H-PVL status on carcass weight loss through AFPE was significant, accounting for 21.6 % of the total effect on carcass weight reduction. In 2017, 73,650 culled dairy cows were slaughtered in Hokkaido, and the economic loss due to carcass weight loss caused by BLV infection that year was estimated to be US $1,391,649. In summary, unlike L-PVL cows, H-PVL status was associated with carcass weight reduction, which was partially mediated by an increase in the number of visceral abnormalities.journal articl
The urinary lipid profile in cats with idiopathic cystitis
Get PDFjournal articleAlthough feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) distresses of many cats, its pathogenesis is unknown and the diagnosis is challenging. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are metabolized into various lipid mediators. Lipid mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs) modulate inflammation and many of them are excreted into the urine. Thus, the investigation of the urinary lipid profile may reveal pathogenesis and help diagnosis of FIC. We collected urine samples from five FIC cats by spontaneous urination and analyzed 158 types of lipid mediators in urines using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The urinary levels of PUFAs were higher in FIC compared to those of the healthy group. The excretions of a major inflammatory mediator, PGD2, were less in FIC. Other well-known inflammatory mediators such as PGE2, PGI2, and their metabolites did not show a difference. In contrast, the levels of PGF2α and its 2 metabolites and PGF3α were higher in FIC. These results may provide new insights into the future management of cat FIC.journal articl
Changes in sedimentary features of the tsunami deposits formed from the paleotsunami inundated on the coastal lowlands : A case study of 17th-century tsunami deposits in the eastern part of the Iburi coast, Hokkaido, Japan
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Tongue worm (subclass: Pentastomida) infection and treatment in two domesticated reptiles - A case report
Get PDFjournal articleTongue worms (Subclass: Pentastomida) are endoparasites found in carnivorous reptiles, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Several pentastomids cause pentastomiasis, a zoonotic disease. We encountered tongue worm infection in two reptiles imported into Japan: a Wahlberg's velvet gecko (Homopholis wahlbergii) bred in Germany and a wild-caught green tree python (Morelia viridis) from the Republic of Indonesia. The infecting tongue worms were identified as Raillietiella sp. and Armillifer sp. in the gecko and python, respectively, based on morphological and molecular analyses. Gecko is a newly recorded definitive host harboring Raillietiella tongue worm. Live tongue worms were first detected in domestic reptiles in Japan, and this indicates a risk that these tongue worms could be spread to other animals, as well as humans. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of infected pets are of importance. In the case of the two infected reptiles, the availability of fecal egg examination for diagnosis was shown. In addition, the effectiveness of treatment with 200 μg/kg/day ivermectin orally once weekly was demonstrated, without no side-effects and no re-detection of eggs after the cessation of treatment.journal articl
The leaflet-annulus index in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease
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【補体と疾患 : いま補体がおもしろい】最近の話題 骨形成と補体 3MC症候群とPeriodontal Ehlers-Danlos症候群
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Coinfection with Candida tropicalis and Cytomegalovirus in a Piglet
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