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Investigation of the effect and availability of ketamine on electroencephalography in cats with temporal lobe epilepsy
Get PDFjournal articleIn recent years, electroencephalography (EEG) in veterinary medicine has become important not only in the diagnosis of epilepsy, but also in determining the epileptogenic focus. In cats, sedation and immobilization, usually with medetomidine or dexmedetomidine, are necessary to place the electrodes and to obtain stable scalp EEG recordings. In this study, we hypothesized that, for cats with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), ketamine, a sedative/anesthetic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist that activates the limbic system and is also used to treat refractory status epilepticus in dogs, would induce sufficient sedation and immobilization for EEG, as well as induce interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) that are more pronounced than those induced with medetomidine. We obtained EEG recordings from TLE cats and healthy cats administered either ketamine or medetomidine alone (study 1) or ketamine after medetomidine sedation (study 2). In study 1, the frequency of IEDs showed no statistically significant difference between ketamine and medetomidine in both TLE and healthy cats. Seizures were observed in 75% (9/12) cats of the TLE group with ketamine alone. When ketamine was administered after sedation with medetomidine (study 2), 3/18 cats in the TLE group developed generalized tonic-clonic seizure and 1/18 cats showed subclinical seizure activity. However, no seizures were observed in all healthy cats in both study 1 and study 2. Slow wave activity at 2–4 Hz was observed in many individuals after ketamine administration regardless studies and groups, and quantitative analysis in study 2 showed a trend toward increased delta band activities in both groups. While there was no significant difference in the count of IEDs between medetomidine and ketamine, ketamine caused seizures in cats with TLE similar to their habitual seizure type and with a higher seizure frequency. Our results suggest that ketamine may activate epileptiform discharges during EEG recordings. However, caution should be used for cats with TLE.journal articl
A model study for contributing factors of the fermentation of qvevri wine
Get PDFjournal articleWe focus on the properties of traditional clay vessel-qvevri fermentation with three models: stainless steel tank-conventional fermentation (SC), stainless steel tank-spontaneous fermentation (SS) and qvevri-spontaneous fermentation (QS) using the same Auxerrois grapes that were harvested under organic growth practices. Each wine sample was aliquoted periodically through a 261-day fermentation and ripening period. Microflora were evaluated by a culture- and DNA-based approach: automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA). To monitor alcohol fermentation, glucose, ethanol and glycerol were measured by enzymatic methods, while the major aromatic compounds were measured by GC/MS. The malic and lactic acid contents, to evaluate malolactic fermentation (MLF), were measured by HPLC. Mineral profiles were also analyzed by ICP/MS. Dynamic exchanges of microflora were observed for yeasts and lactic acid bacteria depending on the use of both the starter yeast and qvevri vessel from ARISA analysis. The starter, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, could accelerate alcoholic fermentation and MLF due to the early prevalence of Oenococcus oeni. After 30 days of fermentation, the starter yeast was replaced by wild yeasts of Kloeckera apiculata and other S. cerevisiae strains. Under spontaneous conditions, alcoholic fermentation and MLF were boosted when using a qvevri in comparison to stainless steel. The sharp, tipped bottom of the qvevri could increase the density of microbial cells and promote fermentation. The production of aromatic compounds corresponded mainly to alcoholic fermentation. In contrast, the mineral components reflected the differences among vessels. In qvevri wines, the concentrations of Mn and Fe were 2-fold higher than those in stainless steel wines. Mn, in the presence of Fe, could promote the polymerization and polishing of tannins, which would result in qvevri wines having tastes similar to those of aged wine.journal articl
Nationwide analysis of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diseased swine over 29 years in Japan
Get PDFjournal articlePathogenic Escherichia coli strains are important causes of several swine diseases that result in significant economic losses worldwide. In Japan, the use of antimicrobials in swine is much higher than that in other farm animals every year. Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic E. coli strains also heavily impacts the swine industry due to the limited treatment options and an increase in the potential risk of the One Health crisis. In 2016, we investigated 684 Japanese isolates of swine pathogenic E. coli belonging to four major serogroups and reported the emergence and increase in the highly multidrug-resistant serogroups O116 and OSB9 and the appearance of colistin-resistant strains. In the present study, by expanding our previous analysis, we determined the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of 1,708 E. coli strains isolated from diseased swine between 1991 and 2019 in Japan and found recent increases in the prevalences of multidrug-resistant strains and minor serogroup strains. Among the antimicrobials examined in this study that have been approved for animal use, a third-generation cephalosporin was found to be effective against the most isolates (resistance rate: 1.2%) but not against highly multidrug-resistant strains. We also analyzed the susceptibilities of the 1,708 isolates to apramycin and bicozamycin, both which are available for treating swine in Japan, and found that the rates of resistance to apramycin and bicozamycin were low (6.7% and 5.8%, respectively), and both antimicrobials are more effective (resistance rates: 2.7% and 5.4%, respectively) than third-generation cephalosporins (resistance rate: 16.2%) against highly multidrug-resistant strains.journal articl
Effect of Homogenization Treatment of Raw Milk on the Rheological Properties of Gouda Type Cheese during the Ripening Period
Get PDFjournal articleThe effects of homogenization treatment of raw milk on the physical properties of the produced Gouda-type cheeses were determined using rheological techniques. In this study, cheese samples were produced using well-controlled raw milk and production methods with and without the homogenization of raw milk. The fracture strength and frequency dependence of the dynamic modulus of the cheese samples were measured immediately after production until eight weeks of ripening. Both the fracture strength and modulus were lower immediately after production in samples homogenized than in samples with no homogenization. The rheological properties of the cheese samples varied throughout the ripening period, but especially around the 10th day of ripening, they showed irregular changes, suggesting that some changes occurred in the microstructure of the cheese during this period. These results suggests that the homogenization treatment of raw milk caused some changes in the structure of casein micelles and their network structures.journal articl
Histological Characteristics of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Young and Adult Holstein Cattle
Get PDFjournal articleThe conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) has been used as a target site for mucosal vaccinations in several animals. In this study, we compared the morphological features of CALT in the eyelid and third eyelid between Holstein calves and adult cows. In the eyelids, CALTs in the form of diffused lymphoid tissue (DLT) and lymphatic follicles (LF) were observed, where DLTs were dominant and LFs were scarce. The CALTs of cows comprised T-, B-cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, B-cells were dominant except in the eyelids of the calves. The epithelial layer covering the CALT is often discontinuous and lacks goblet cells. Cytokeratin18 is strongly expressed in the epithelial layer covering the CALT, except in the third eyelids of adult cows. IgA-positive cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the conjunctiva of the eyelids and third eyelids. The eyelid CALT area in calves was lower than that in adult cows. Furthermore, the CALT of calves had a lower cellularity of B-cells and a higher cellularity of macrophages than that of adult cows. These histological characteristics indicate that CALT plays a role in the mucosal immune-inductive and effector sites. Furthermore, lower cellularity of B-cells in the CALT of calves indicates that the function of CALT as a mucosal immune induction site is less developed in calves than in adult cows.journal articl
Agricultural Environment and Aerosols : Analysis of Air Pollution and Bioaerosols
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