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The histopathological features of the surgical endometriosis model using systemic autoimmune disease-prone mice
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国立環境研究所において試料保存された野生鳥類の寄生蠕虫類保有状況 : 継続調査結果
Get PDFBulletinA helminthological survey from alimentary tracts of wild avian species including 268 individuals belonging to 47 species obtained from the Time Capsule Project held by the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, from 2012 to 2021, was conducted. In total, 44 helminth taxa including 13 trematodes, 3 cestodes, 20 nematodes, and 8 acanthocephalans, were obtained from 158 individuals belonging to 32 avian species, of which 8 species were new host record and 2 species were first record in Japan.2012年から2021年にかけて国立環境研究所にて試料保存された鳥類47種計268個体の消化管材料を用いて寄生蠕虫類の保有状況を検査した。その結果，32種158個体より吸虫類13種，条虫類3種，線虫類20種，鉤頭虫類8種の合計44種の寄生蠕虫類が検出された。検出された寄生蠕虫類のうち，8種が新宿主記録，2種が国内初報告であった。departmental bulletin pape
Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Monitoring in Raw Seafood Retailed: a Pilot Study Focused on Vibrio and Aeromonas
Get PDFjournal articleIn aquaculture, bacterial infections in sea animals are treated using antimicrobials. As seafood is frequently consumed in its raw form, seafood contaminated with water-borne antimicrobial-resistant bacteria presents a potential transmission route to humans and can influence food safety. In this study, we aimed to determine the abundance of water-borne bacteria in retail raw seafood and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance profiles. In total, 85 retail raw seafood samples (32 fish, 26 shellfish, 25 mollusks, and two crustaceans) were purchased from supermarkets in Japan, and water-borne bacteria were isolated. The isolated bacterial species predominantly included Vibrio spp. (54.1%) and Aeromonas spp. (34.1%). Vibrio or Aeromonas spp. were isolated from more than 70% of the seafood samples. Tetracycline-, sulfamethoxazole-, and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant Vibrio or Aeromonas spp. isolates were detected in seven (21.9%) fish samples (two wild-caught and five farm-raised) harboring tet, sul, and/or dfr genes. Sulfamethoxazole- and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates were only detected in farm-raised fish. Tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole are commonly used in aquaculture. These results suggest that water-borne bacteria like Vibrio and Aeromonas spp. should be the primary focus of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria monitoring to effectively elucidate their spread of bacteria via seafood.journal articl
Impact of settlement-type grazing on rangeland vegetation in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region: A field verification of case study through a grazing experiment
Get PDFjournal articleUnderstanding the ingestive behavior and daily voluntary intake of grazing livestock is important for sustainable land use and management of pasturelands. Since the 1990s, Inner Mongolia has completely converted from old nomadic grazing to settled grazing, and many small fences have been built around settled areas, where livestock are placed inside the fences and grazed. Currently, desertification of grasslands is progressing in a mosaic pattern around the fence. There have been few quantitative studies of individual sheep foraging behavior in confined spaces and changes in plant community composition associated with foraging. The study was conducted in Abag Banner (an administrative unit of China equivalent to a county), located in the northern part of the Xilingol Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, which borders Mongolia. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of livestock ingestive behavior on pasture vegetation in the sedentary grazing area of Inner Mongolia and to provide basic data for the sustainable use of pastureland. Three sites were established in a sedentary grazing area, where tethering grazing experiments (hemp rope length of 6 m) were conducted. Quadrats of 1 × 1 m were established inside (four quadrats) and outside (five quadrats) each site for the vegetation survey, and plant species identification, plant height, vegetation cover, and soil hardness were evaluated. Livestock (sheep) instinctively selected and fed on high-palatability plants instantaneously after the start of the tethering grazing experiment. The increased grazing intensity over 5 days and the grazing of high-palatability plants decreased plant height and aboveground biomass; however, the botanical composition remained unchanged. The Shannon diversity index value decreased from 1.97 to 1.60 on day 4, and the vegetation cover decreased from approximately 80% to <10%. For aboveground biomass, only 15%-54% remained. Salsola collina Pall. and Caragana microphylla Pall. shrubs, which had low aboveground biomass from the start, were barely grazed, whereas Agropyron cristatum L., with high palatability, was left with only 15% biomass. The soil hardness increased by 1.25 and 0.25 mm at sites A and B, respectively, and decreased by 0.63 mm at site C. This indicated that the soil was locally bare, and the topsoil was destroyed.journal articl
Effect of flooding period and infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi on asparagus growth
Get PDFjournal articleIn recent years, torrential rains have caused flooding of asparagus fields in Japan. Asparagus production fields often have poor drainage because they are converted paddy fields; therefore, decreased spear sprouting and plant vigor are observed in the flooded fields. In the present study, the effect of the flooding period on asparagus growth was investigated using U-shaped cultivation containers in which water levels could be controlled. In our study, four test plots with flooding to the ground level of the asparagus for 0, 1, 5, and 10 days were set up. Our results indicated that root length decreased and root damage increased with longer flooding periods. However, plant height, number of stems, number of roots, above-ground dry matter weight, and underground dry matter weight did not vary between different length flooding periods. We also investigated the effects of a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi infection and flooding period on asparagus growth. Seedlings were planted in U-shaped containers filled with either soil contaminated with F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi or uncontaminated soil with three test plots with flooding to the ground level for 0, 5, and 10 days. F. oxysporum contamination influenced all the characteristics surveyed, including plant height, number of stems, root length, number of roots, above-ground dry matter weight, and underground dry matter weight and caused root damage. Asparagus grown in uncontaminated soil only exhibited decreasing root lengths with longer inundation periods. The results indicate that asparagus growth is impaired by long flooding periods, and F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi infection intensifies the impairment.journal articl
Chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus Vectors Expressing Human IFN-γ Mediate Target Immune Responses and Enable Multifaceted Treatments
Get PDFjournal articleThe therapeutic potential of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been reported as both an oncolytic agent and a vaccine vector against many antigens. However, in the individuals already immunized with NDVs, second and subsequent administration does not provide substantial benefits. In this study, two types of recombinant chimeric NDVs using APMV-2 F and HN genes were generated. In rNDV-2HN, the wild-type NDV HN gene was replaced with the APMV-2 HN gene, and in rNDV-2F/2HN, both wild-type F and HN genes were replaced with APMV-2 F and HN genes, respectively. We enhanced the immune responses of these chimeric viruses by inserting the human IFN-γ gene. To examine the escape from NDV antiserum, each virus was treated with diluted NDV antiserum, and HEp-2 cells were infected with these virus particles. The two constructed chimeric viruses indicated notably lower virus-neutralizing titer compared to wild-type NDV and escaped the action of NDV antiserum. These two chimeric viruses infected both respiratory and colon cancer cell lines, indicating their potential as a cancer treatment tool. Chimeric viruses with enhanced immune responses can be considered a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment that can be administered multiple times and used to enhance immune cells interaction.journal articl
Preoperative protocol for right flank laparotomy affects postoperative serum cortisol concentrations in dairy cows
Get PDFjournal article[OBJECTIVE] To evaluate analgesic efficacy of 3 different preoperative protocols in cows undergoing right flank laparotomy for displaced abomasum. [ANIMALS] 40 cows diagnosed with displaced abomasum. [PROCEDURES] The cows were assigned by block randomization to 1 of 3 preoperative protocols: inverted L-block using 50 mL of 2% lidocaine (ILB; n = 13), ILB plus preoperative flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg, IV; ILB-F; 13), and dorsolumbar epidural anesthesia using 2% xylazine (0.8 mL) and 2% lidocaine (4 mL; EPI; 14). Venous blood samples were collected for CBC, serum biochemistry, and cortisol preoperatively and at 0 (immediately after), 3, 17, and 48 hours postoperatively. [RESULTS] The mean (95% CI) of the serum cortisol in ILB, ILB-F, and EPI were 108.7 (66.7 to 150.7), 150.7 (116.4 to 185.0), and 139.8 (93.4 to 186.3), respectively. The serum cortisol concentrations decreased over time in all groups (ILB, P = .001; ILB-F and EPI, P < .001). In the ILB group, the cortisol concentration at 17 and 48 hours postoperatively decreased (P = .026 and P = .009, respectively), compared with that preoperatively. In the ILB-F and EPI groups, the preoperative cortisol concentration was the highest and then decreased at 0, 3, 17, and 48 hours postoperatively (ILB-F, 0 hours [P = .001] and 3, 17, and 48 hours [P < .001]; EPI, all [P < .001]). [CLINICAL RELEVANCE] ILB-F and EPI improved intraoperative and immediate postoperative indicators of pain-related stress when compared to standard ILB. EPI requires less anesthetic, which may be beneficial when in short supply.journal articl
Enhanced Systemic Antitumour Immunity by Hypofractionated Radiotherapy and Anti-PD-L1 Therapy in Dogs with Pulmonary Metastatic Oral Malignant Melanoma
Get PDFjournal articleAlthough immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as the anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody, have been developed for the treatment of canine malignant melanoma, desirable clinical efficacies have not been achieved. Recent studies in humans have suggested that radiation therapy (RT) combined with ICIs induces robust systemic antitumour immunity in patients with cancer. This study retrospectively examined the therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy (hypofractionated RT and anti-PD-L1 antibody [c4G12]) in dogs with pulmonary metastatic oral malignant melanoma. The intrathoracic clinical benefit rate (CBR)/median overall survival (OS) in the no RT (n = 20, free from the effect of RT), previous RT (n = 9, received RT ≤8 weeks prior to the first c4G12 dose), and concurrent RT (n = 10, c4G12 therapy within ±1 week of the first RT fraction) groups were 10%/185 days, 55.6%/283.5 days (p 0.05 vs. no RT group), respectively. The adverse events were considered to be tolerable in the combination therapy. Thus, hypofractionated RT before the initiation of c4G12 therapy can be an effective approach for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy, with acceptable safety profiles. Further prospective clinical studies are required to confirm the findings of this study.journal articl