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Physiological roles of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the gastrointestinal tract : Functional study using muscarinic receptor knockout mice
Get PDFBulletinAcetylcholine (ACh) released from parasympathetic postganglionic nerves regulates the function of visceral organs such as gastrointestinal (GI) tract through activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) are identified in mammals. Although conventional pharmacological analysis suggested the involvement of M3 subtype in the ACh-induced contraction of GI smooth muscles, mAChRs population in GI tract has been demonstrated to consist of M2 and M3 subtypes (7:3). Roles of dominant M2 receptor for GI function (motility) have not been well determined because of lack of subtype selective agonists and antagonists, and similarity of intercellular signaling of odd number of mAChRs (M1, M3 and M5) or even number of mAChRs (M2 and M4). In this article, we review recent studies on muscarinic function in GI smooth muscle contraction using mAChR subtype deficient mice (knockout (KO) mice). Since M2 and M3 receptors are dominantly expressed in the GI tract, M2KO, M3KO and M2/M3 double KO mice markedly contributed to understand the function of mAChRs. Using these KO mice, in addition to activation of individual M2R/Gi/o and M3R/Gq/11 pathways, M2R/Gi/o M3RGq/11 (M2 R/M3 R heterodimer) pathway might be also stimulated by ACh and three pathways produce a complex cascade of biochemical and electrical events in smooth muscle cell, finally leading to GI smooth muscle contraction. Cellular signaling events induced by mAChRs include adenylyl cyclase inhibition (M2), phosphoinositide hydrolysis (M3), intracellular Ca2+ mobilization (M3), Ca2+ sensitization (M3), activation of non-selective cationic channel (M2, M3 and M2/M3), and modulation of Cl- or K+ channel (M3), inhibition/potentiation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (M2, M3 and M2/M3) and membrane depolarization (M2, M3 and M2/M3). mAChRs are also expressed in the enteric cholinergic neurons, intestinal mucosal cells, and interstitial cells of Cajal, and negative feedback of ACh release, homeostasis of mucosal function and regulation of peristalsis by ACh/mAChRs have been suggested. In addition, use of mAChRs KO mice unmasks M1-mediated nitrergic pathway causing GI relaxation. Therefore, various types of mAChR KO mice show valuable insights for physiological roles of ACh/mAChR signaling system in GI tract and other organs.departmental bulletin pape
The cases on capture of murids belonging to the genus Apodemus within the buildings of Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Considerations on Improving Productivity in Dairy Farming in Indonesia : Findings from a Field Survey in East Java
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Soil improvement of Cocorucu Ebetsu Citizen Garden
Get PDFBulletin本稿は，2023 年に行ったココルクえべつの交流農園の土壌改良について，それを行った理由，意義などについてまとめたものである。国の地方創生に関する考え，江別市のまちづくりに対する考え，そのなかでのココルクえべつの役割についても解説した。まるで「池」であった交流農園は，暗渠敷設，点穴設置，堆肥の施用，植物による土壌改良などを通して，わずか一年で作物が育つ「農園」へと変化した。地域の多様な利用者も訪れ，農と食と，そして土に関しての理解が，市民全体の中で深まるきっかけとなれば幸いである。This report summarizes the reasons and significance of the soil improvement at Cocorucu Ebetsuʼs garden in 2023. It also describes the governmentʼs idea of regional development, Ebetsu Cityʼs idea of urban development, and the role of Cocorucu Ebetsu in this process. In just one year, the farm was transformed from a “pond” to a “farm” where crops are grown through the installation of culverts, point holes, compost, and soil improvement with plants. It is hoped that the garden will attract a diverse range of visitors from the local community and help to deepen the understanding of agriculture, food, and the soil among all citizens.departmental bulletin pape
An overview on parasitic nematodes obtained from the birds and mammals of Japan between 2001 and 2012 and Wild Animal Medical Center, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan
Get PDFBulletin日本動物分類学関連学会連合による「日本産生物種数調査」の一環，すなわち，自然史（誌）という観点のみならず，動物／公衆衛生学的な視点から，2001年から2012年までに刊行された日本産鳥獣類に寄生する線虫類（線虫症含）報告を基にその概要を提示した。また，その中で酪農学園大学野生動物医学センターを拠点になされた研究の位置付けを客観的に知る目的でその占有率を算出した。An overview on parasitic nematodes and/or its diseases recorded between 2002 and 2012 in Japan was given, as not only one of the general surveys conducted by the Union of Taxonomy of Japan, viz., natural historical context, as but both animal and public health concerns, was given.departmental bulletin pape
