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野生イノシシ集団での豚熱発生初期における基本再生産数の推定
Get PDFArticleIn Japan, classical swine fever re-emerged in September 2018, after an absence of 26 years, and spread among wild boar populations. This study was conducted to understand the transmissibility of classical swine fever virus in wild boar populations, limited by the impossibility of a correct case count because of the nature of wildlife. Wildlife PCR test results between September 2018 and Februar y 2019 were collected from the homepages of Gifu, Aichi, and Mie Prefectures. In descriptive epidemiology, the geographical spread in the three prefectures, and temporal patterns of PCR test positivity in Gifu Prefecture were obser ved. Using the Susceptible (S) - Exposed (E) - Infectious (I) - Recover y (R) model, assuming the weekly test positivity follows beta distribution, parameters were estimated in a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation, and the basic reproduction number (R_0) was calculated. As a result, the mean infectious period was as long as 100-145 days, and R_0 was estimated to be 4.2 - 5.1. In this analysis, however, population dynamics considering bir ths and deaths and population density were not considered. In the future, a more detailed study based on wild boar field data is necessary.豚熱は2018年9月，わが国で26年ぶりに発生し，野生イノシシ集団に感染拡大した．本研究は，野生動物であるがゆえに正確な発生数が計測できない悪条件を克服し，野生イノシシ集団における豚熱ウイルスの伝達性を把握するために実施された．2018年9月～2019年2月の野生イノシシ豚熱PCR検査結果を岐阜県，愛知県，三重県のホームページから入手した．記述疫学では，調査3 県にまたがる豚熱の地理的拡大と岐阜県におけるPCR検査陽性率の推移を観察した．感受性（S）─感染性待ち期間（E）─感染性（I）─回復期（R）モデルにより，岐阜県における週ごとの検査陽性率がベータ分布に則ることを仮定し，マルコフ連鎖モンテカルロシミュレーションによりモデルのパラメータを導出し，基本再生産数（R_0）を計算した．解析の結果，感染性期間は100～145日間と長く，R_0 は4.2～ 5.1と推定された．本解析には死亡と出生を含む個体群動態と生息密度が考慮されておらず，今後野生イノシシのフィールドデータに基づく詳細な解析が望まれる．journal articl
Postoperative improvement of megaesophagus and esophageal motility in a 19-day-old puppy with gastroesophageal intussusception
Get PDFArticleCanine gastroesophageal intussusception (GEI) is a rare and life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. A 19-day-old Siberian Husky with a 4-day history of regurgitation was diagnosed with GEI based on the findings of computed tomography (CT) performed without anesthesia. Endoscopic reduction of intussusception was impossible; thus, surgical reduction by traction of the duodenum was performed. CT revealed improvement of megaesophagus 82 days postoperatively. Eleven months postoperatively, fluoroscopy showed recovery to nearly normal esophageal motility. Two years postoperatively, no clinical signs were reported. CT is useful to diagnose GEI in neonate puppies with poor abdominal fat and to assess the gastric edema and the anatomical association of stomach with other organs. Fluoroscopy is helpful for evaluating postoperative esophageal motility.journal articl
Quantitative evaluation of the infection dynamics of bovine brucellosis in Tanzania
Get PDFArticleBrucellosis is endemic in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted at 17 cattle farms in agro-pastoral areas in Tanzania to identify risk factors associated with the within-farm prevalence of bovine brucellosis and to quantitatively assess the infection dynamics through disease modelling. Cattle blood sampling and interviews with farmers using a structured questionnaire were conducted. A total of 673 serum samples were screened using the Rose-Bengal plate test (RBPT), and sero-positivity of RBPT-positive samples was confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Zero-inflated binomial regression was performed for univariable and multivariable risk factor analyses of within-farm prevalence. Several susceptible-infectious (SI) models were compared based on deviance information criteria, and age-dependent force of infection (FOI) was measured using age-specific prevalence data for the 10 infection-positive farms. Using the diagnoses of cows on the 17 farms, the basic reproduction number, R0, was also calculated. The farm-level prevalence and animal-level adjusted prevalence were 58.8 % (10/17, 95 % confidence interval: 33.5–80.6 %) and 7.0 % (28/673, 95 % credible interval: 5.7–8.4 %), respectively. The risk factor for high within-farm prevalence was introduction of cattle from other herds. A mathematical model with constant FOI showed the annual probability of infection as 1.4 % (95 % credible interval: 1.0 %–2.0 %). The R0 was 1.07. The constant FOI could have been due to the predominant mode of infection being transmission of Brucella from contaminated aborted materials during grazing. Direct purchase of infected cattle could facilitate efficient transmission between susceptible animals through abortion.journal articl
Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in swine chronic infections and enhancement of interleukin-2 production via programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 blockade
Get PDFArticle[Introduction] Chronic infections lead to the functional exhaustion of T cells. Exhausted T cells are phenotypically differentiated by the surface expression of the immunoinhibitory receptor, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1). The inhibitory signal is produced by the interaction between PD-1 and its PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and impairs the effector functions of T cells. However, the expression dynamics of PD-L1 and the immunological functions of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in chronic diseases of pigs are still poorly understood. In this study, we first analyzed the expression of PD-L1 in various chronic infections in pigs, and then evaluated the immune activation by the blocking assay targeting the swine PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. [Methods] In the initial experiments, anti-bovine PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were tested for cross-reactivity with swine PD-L1. Subsequently, immunohistochemical analysis was conducted using the anti-PD-L1 mAb. Finally, we assessed the immune activation of swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by the blockade with anti-PD-L1 mAb. [Results] Several anti-PD-L1 mAbs tested recognized swine PD-L1-expressing cells. The binding of swine PD-L1 protein to swine PD-1 was inhibited by some of these cross-reactive mAbs. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PD-L1 was expressed at the site of infection in chronic infections of pigs. The PD-L1 blockade increased the production of interleukin-2 from swine PBMCs. [Conclusions] These findings suggest that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could be also involved in immunosuppression in chronic infections in pigs. This study provides a new perspective on therapeutic strategies for chronic diseases in pigs by targeting immunosuppressive pathways.journal articl
Development of Drone-Mounted Multiple Sensing System with Advanced Mobility for In Situ Atmospheric Measurement: A Case Study Focusing on PM2.5 Local Distribution
Get PDFArticleThis study was conducted using a drone with advanced mobility to develop a unified sensor and communication system as a new platform for in situ atmospheric measurements. As a major cause of air pollution, particulate matter (PM) has been attracting attention globally. We developed a small, lightweight, simple, and cost-effective multi-sensor system for multiple measurements of atmospheric phenomena and related environmental information. For in situ local area measurements, we used a long-range wireless communication module with real-time monitoring and visualizing software applications. Moreover, we developed four prototype brackets with optimal assignment of sensors, devices, and a camera for mounting on a drone as a unified system platform. Results of calibration experiments, when compared to data from two upper-grade PM_ sensors, demonstrated that our sensor system followed the overall tendencies and changes. We obtained original datasets after conducting flight measurement experiments at three sites with differing surrounding environments. The experimentally obtained prediction results matched regional PM_ trends obtained using long short-term memory (LSTM) networks trained using the respective datasets.journal articl
Effects of CO_2 enrichment and 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fertilizer application on cut flower yield of Alstroemeria in low light conditions during winter
Get PDFArticleThe effects of CO_2 enrichment and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based fertilizer application on cut flower production of Alstroemeria 'Avalange' were investigated. Seedlings were potted in 45-cm diameter polyethylene pots in September 2017. Four treatments were applied: general liquid fertilizer applied regularly (control group); ALA-based fertilizer (ALA group); CO_2 enrichment (CO_2 group); and ALA-based fertilizer combined with CO_2 enrichment (ALA+CO_2 group). In the first year, the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse until April 2018 and the CO_2 concentration in the CO_2 and ALA+CO_2 groups was increased to a maximum of 800 µmol mol^ for 5 h of the light period. The number of cut flowers and the SPAD value of leaves in the ALA+CO_2 group were significantly higher than those in the control group. There were no significant differences in cut flower length, cut flower weight, stem diameter, the number of peduncles and the number of florets among the treatments. In the second year, the experiment was conducted in a phytotron from November, 2018 to March, 2019 and the CO_2 concentration in the CO_2 and ALA+CO_2 groups was increased to 900 µmol mol^ for 7 h. The number of cut flowers in the ALA+CO_2 group was significantly higher than those in the control and CO_2 groups. Stem diameter in the ALA, CO_2 and ALA+CO_2 groups was thicker than that of the control group. There were no significant differences in cut flower length, cut flower weight, the number of peduncles and the number of florets among the treatments. The number of shoots in the CO_2 group was significantly greater than those in the control and ALA groups. These findings demonstrate that ALA-based fertilizer application under CO_2 enrichment conditions increases Alstroemeria cut flower numbers in low light conditions during winter.journal articl