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Selected recent institutional and rulemaking developments in the law of the sea (2015-2016)
Get PDFThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC or the Convention) is quite simply, the greatest treaty-making achievement of the United Nations (UN) era. This appraisal of the recent developments of 2015-16 in this legal regime that governs the oceans – waters, floor and subsoil thereof – which cover ‘over 70 percent of the surface of our planet’, focuses on its oft-ignored spect, that is, its institutional framework
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA
No full textFULL TEXTThe Commission for University Education in Kenya recommended that Universities should be ranked so that their performances are open to public scrutiny. Sound recruitment and selection, induction and evaluation are some of the performance indicators that Universities must put in place in order to attract the required human capital that will achieve Universities individual performance, which are necessary for ranking the Universities in Kenya. University performance involves many variables some of which have been extensively researched on. Recruitment and selection is the research gap as far as the University ranking is concerned since this area has not been exhaustively studied. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of recruitment and selection practices on performance in the Kenyan Public Universities. The study specific objectives were: to evaluate the effectiveness of recruitment process on employees performance, to determine the effectiveness of short listing process on employees performance, to analyze the effectiveness of interview and selection processes on employees performance, to determine the effectiveness of the employees’ induction process on their performance and to determine the effectiveness of employees evaluation on performance of Kenyan public Universities. The relevant literature was reviewed. The relevant literature was reviewed. The study used a descriptive survey design. The study used a descriptive survey design. The target population for this study comprised 1,620 Heads of departments and 23 Heads of Human Resource Departments totaling to 1,643. The study used simple random sampling technique to pick heads of department and purposive samplings to pick Human Resource Officers in-charge owing to their ability in understanding recruitment and selection practices in public Universities in Kenya. The sample size was calculated using Cochran’s correction formula and confirmed using sample Kathuri and Pals 1993 sample determination table. A sample size of 334 consisting of heads of department and Human Resource Officers in-charge was arrived at. The data was collected using questionnaires. Using SPSS program, Pearson Correlation and regression were run alongside the descriptive statistics such as the mean, standard deviation and frequencies. The study concludes that there is significant relationship between recruitment and selection practices and the University performance in Kenya
Assessing the Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Features of M-Banking Apps in Kenya
No full textDaniel (2007) defines M-Banking as the deployment of technology to offer services using systems that include short message services, Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), smartphone Apps, among others. M-Banking is a key aspect of financial services in many banks.
Many banks have developed Apps as part of their M-Banking portfolio to enable their customers to access bank services. The banks have a clear expectation of improving their services in general to their customers and M-Banking has been the vehicle of choice in the last few years (Aggarwal, 2014). Their goal is to improve services to their customers
THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE ON INNOVATION AND RESEARCH IN KABARAK UNIVERSITY.
No full textThe progression and success of any institution is dependent on its adeptness to adapt to the diverse changes from global perspective. To cope with the changing expectations of the institutions, a culture that embraces innovation through research is required.
The urge for institutions to embrace creativity, innovation and inventions has been necessitated by economic dynamics, to which contributing novel ideas enhances empowerment through leadership which in recent times has been central or strongly related to some of the world's most serious modern economic challenges. Economic growth alone does not lead to sustainable development since good leadership and governance must accompany. Institution management is the focal point in leadership and governance: This notion holds true while focusing on quality of research as a major factor which contributes significantly to institutional success
BRIDGING THE BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS DIVIDE WITH LESSONS FROM UNCLOS’ DEEP SEA MINING REGIME
Get PDFThe norms that govern international economic law have for decades been criticised by the Third
World for favouring the interests of western Industrialised Powers to the detriment of Third
World peoples and their states. Among the contested issues is whether the very structure of
international law facilitates this skewed situation, in matters such as accountability abeyances of
business entities for human rights violations and the clash of state obligations under international
human rights and international economic law. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS) regulates matters that undoubtedly affect critical economic interests of states. It
is lauded for having, through tortured negotiations (1973-82, 90-94), arrived at far more
equalising standards between established maritime powers and economically weaker Third
World states. The UNCLOS deep sea mining regime was so contested that it delayed UNCLOS’
acceptance among established economic powers for over a decade. In this paper, we interrogate
whether this regime offers a viable model that the business and human rights divide could
emulate, both in terms of the viability of the ‘treaty road’ as well as establishing reasonable
terms of assigning international responsibility among international organisations, states and
corporate entities within municipal law, especially since the 2011 ITLOS Advisory Opinion on
responsibilities and obligations of states, arose from concerns of small island states
An Investigation into the Relationship between Consumer Involvement and Choice of Daily Newspapers by Readers in Kenya
No full textOne of the significant concepts in consumer behavior is information processing by consumers, which encompasses the process during which consumers’ come into contact with information, notice it, apprehend it, retain it in their mind and finally restore it in future usages.
Marketers have always been faced with a dilemma of how to motivate consumer to get and process information so that they can use it when they want to purchase and/or use goods/services.
An essential factor in information processing is consumer’s involvemen
The Fission and Fusion in International Use of Force: Relating Unlawful Use of Force and the War Crime of Disproportionate Force Not Justified By Military Necessity
Get PDFThe cardinal principle governing jus in bello demands a
distinction between combatants and civilians and authorizes the
attack of the former. In essence, loss of civilian life is prohibited
unless it occurs within the context of the principles of necessity and
proportionality. In contrast, the cardinal principle governing jus ad
bellum is that States are not allowed to use force unless done in
individual or collective self-defense. Based on the foregoing, then, two
questions arise. First, can the use of force in wars of aggression be
prosecuted as the war crime of disproportionate force not justified by
military necessity? Second, do the principles of proportionality and
necessity play an extended role where jus ad bellum has been
observed, hence creating a wider justification to an eventuality of loss
of civilian life or negating lawful use of force to unlawful use not
justified by any military necessity?
Prior to the development of modern international law and the
advent of the League of Nations and the United Nations, the legal
rules that governed the use of force by nations were derived solely
from the norms of customary international law. These were norms
that would arise from the convergence of general and consistent Stat
IMPUTATION OF MISSING VALUES FOR BILINEAR TIME SERIES MODELS
No full textFULL TEXTMissing observations is a common occurrence in data collection. To solve this problem, researchers have developed missing value imputation techniques for some linear and nonlinear time series models with normal and stable innovations using estimating function criterion. This criterion does not take into consideration the distribution of the innovation sequence of the time series model. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop explicit optimal linear estimators of missing values for several classes of bilinear models whose innovation sequences are governed by the normal, student-t and generalized autoregressive heteroscedasticity using the minimum dispersion error criterion. For comparison purposes, estimates based on artificial neural networks and exponential smoothing were also obtained. Data was generated using the R statistical software. 100 samples of size 500 each were simulated for different bilinear time series models. In each sample, artificial missing observations were created randomly at points 48, 293 and 496 and estimated. The mean squared error was used to measure the efficiency of the estimates. The study found that the efficiency of the estimates was correlated with the probability distribution of the innovation sequence. Optimal linear estimates were the most efficient estimates when the models had normal and student-t innovations. However, for bilinear models with generalized autoregressive heteroscedasticity innovations, the artificial neural network estimates were the most efficient. The study recommends the use of optimal linear estimates for bilinear models with either normal or student-t errors. When the data is bilinear with generalized autoregressive heteroscedasticity errors, artificial neural network estimates are preferred. These findings can be used by econometricians in developing more accurate models
A Review of Intrusion Alerts Correlation Frameworks
No full textFULL TEXTThe advancement of modern computers, networks and internet has led to the widespread adoption and application of
Information Communication Technology in modern organizations. As a result, large amount of information is generated,
processed and distributed through digital devices. On the other side, digital crimes have increased in number and sophistication
and they compromise the organization’s critical information infrastructure affecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability
of its information resources. In order to detect these malicious activities, organizations deploys multiple Network Intrusion
Detection Systems (NIDSs) in their corporate networks. They generate huge amount of low quality alerts and in different formats
when an attack has already taken place. Thus Alert and event correlation is required to preprocess, analyze and correlate the alerts
produced by one or more network intrusion detection systems and events generated from different systems and security tools to
provide a more succinct and high-level view of occurring or attempted intrusions. This work will review current alert correlation
systems in terms of approaches and propose design consideration for an efficient alert correlation technique. We conclude by
highlighting the opportunity to include attack prediction component in a real time multiple sensors environment
EFFECTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SACCOS: A SURVEY OF SACCOS IN NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA.
No full textFULL TEXTInternal control plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization's resources, both physical and intangible but fraud is still reported. At the organizational level, internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting, timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals, and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal control systems provide guidance for management regarding its evaluation and assessment of internal control over financial reporting. The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of internal controls on financial performance of Saccos focusing on Saccos in Nakuru County. Specifically, the study sought to establish how; control environment, control activities, risk assessment, information and communications and monitoring activities affected the financial performance in Saccos in the area. The study employed the survey research design targeting overall managers, the finance managers and employees in the finance departments of the Saccos. Simple random technique was used during the study to select 276 respondents. Questionnaires were used for the data collection. Data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The findings revealed that the control environment significantly affected the financial performance of Saccos (β = 0.527), control activities also positively affected the financial performance of Saccos in the area (β = 0.407). However, risk assessment was found to moderately (β = 0.295) affect the financial performance of the Saccos. The findings also revealed that both information and communication (β = 0.585) and monitoring activities (β = 0.669) had the strongest effects on the financial performance of Saccos in the area. Thus, the study brings into limelight the ingredients required for a successful internal control to take place. It can be concluded that the Saccos in Nakuru County generally had functional internal controls in place and these positively affected their financial performance. it is recommended that the Sacco managements properly assign authority and responsibility to qualified individuals; they should also diligently comply with the recommendations of the internal audit report; there is need to avail more risk assessment training to the staff and also equip them with scientific tools to carry out this task. It is also recommended that the Saccos management make themselves more readily available to their staffs since some problems and other emerging issues can be best solved through one-onone communications. Also during monitoring, all redundant procedures and practices should be often replaced to ensure efficiency