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Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of defective nitrogen-doped multiwall carbon nanotubes encapsulating ferromagnetic nanoparticles
"Nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNxMWNTs) with multiple morphological defects were produced using a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. In a typical CNxMWNTs synthesis by CVD, an acetone trap is used to catch organic by-products from pyrolysis. In the present work, an aqueous solution of NaCl (26.82 wt%) was used in the trap, instead of acetone. Carbon nanotubes with sharp tips and lumps were found in the products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of nanoparticles of different shapes inside the nanotubes. The electronic and magnetic properties were studied using a physical properties measurement Evercool system (PPMS). With this simple change in the CVD-trap, it is possible to control the morphology of carbon nanotubes and metallic nanoparticles. Differences in gas flow are proposed as a possible mechanism to produce these changes in both nanoparticles and CNxMWNTs.
Synchronization in complex networks under structural evolution
"We investigate the effects of structural evolution on the stability of synchronized behavior in complex networks. By structural evolution we mean processes that change the topology of the network. In particular, we consider structural evolution as two simultaneous processes: on one hand, the topology changes according to an arbitrary switching law among a set of admissible patterns of connection; on the other hand, the strength of connection evolves according to an adaptive law. Our results show that by constraining the admissible patterns of connection, and using an adaptive law based on the difference between the nodes, we can guarantee the stability of the synchronized solution of the network despite structural changes. Additionally, we extend our results by considering alternative structural evolution processes, namely, a node-based adaptive strategy and a resetting switching law. We illustrate our results with numerical simulation.
Synergistic exposure of rice seeds to different doses of y-ray and salinity stress resulted in increased antioxidant enzyme activities and gene-specific modulation of TC-NER pathway
"Recent reports have underlined the potential of gamma (γ)-rays as tools for seed priming, a process used in seed industry to increase seed vigor and to enhance plant tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses. However, the impact of γ-rays on key aspects of plant metabolism still needs to be carefully evaluated. In the present study, rice seeds were challenged with different doses of γ-rays and grown in absence/presence of NaCl to assess the impact of these treatments on the early stages of plant life. Enhanced germination efficiency associated with increase in radicle and hypocotyl length was observed, while at later stages no increase in plant tolerance to salinity stress was evident. APX, CAT, and GR were enhanced at transcriptional level and in terms of enzyme activity, indicating the activation of antioxidant defence. The profiles of DNA damage accumulation were obtained using SCGE and the implication of TC-NER pathway in DNA damage sensing and repair mechanisms is discussed. OsXPB2, OsXPD, OsTFIIS, and OsTFIIS-like genes showed differential modulation in seedlings and plantlets in response to γ-irradiation and salinity stress. Altogether, the synergistic exposure to γ-rays and NaCl resulted in enhanced oxidative stress and proper activation of antioxidant mechanisms, thus being compatible with plant survival.
Analisis de la dinámica de células pancreáticas β aisladas y acopladas
Tesis (Maestría en Control y Sistemas Dinámicos)"Los estudios sobre células b son de suma importancia debido al interés que implica el conocimiento del control de los niveles de glucosa en sangre. Estas células actúan como un sensor de glucosa, ya que ante niveles elevados de glucosa en sangre las células b responden con la liberación de insulina. Se ha comprobado que las células b son células excitables. Estas son capaces de modificar su potencial de membrana y generar patrones oscilatorios en términos de su activad eléctrica, concentraciones de calcio intracelular y la liberación de insulina. También, se ha demostrado tanto in vitro como in vivo que las células b pertenecientes a un cúmulo oscilan de manera sıncrona. Sin embargo, no se tiene del todo claro las condiciones necesarias para la sincronización de las células, ni para la estructura de los cúmulos de células b en los islotes pancreaticos. En este trabajo de tesis utilizando la teoría de redes complejas, se busca realizar un análisis de las células b acopladas. Se propone una estructura mínima para un cumulo de células b bajo los supuestos de que las células del cúmulo son esferas rígidas, todas del mismo radio, y ademas se asume que el acoplamiento entre las células solo existe si están en contacto físico. Se genera su grafo y se estudian las propiedades topológicas de dicha estructura. Además, se considera al grafo generado como una red, donde cada nodo (célula) tiene como dinámica el modelo de una célula b aislada y se han encontrado condiciones para la sincronización completa en el caso de células idénticas o condiciones para la sincronización parcial en el caso de celulas no identicas. Una vez analizadas las caracterısticas topologicas y la dinamica de la estructura mınima propuesta, a la que se le nombro celda, se construye una red de redes o red de celdas de la cual también se estudian las características topologicas y las condiciones para la sincronización de la red. Con esta estructura se busca presentar una propuesta de citoarquitectura de células b en un islote pancreático y ademas establecer condiciones para la sincronización de la red.""Studies of b-cells have great importance due in the interest implied in the knowledge of blood glucose levels control. These cells act as a glucose sensor, since if a high level of blood glucose occurs, b-cells release insulin. It has been proved that beta cells are excitable. They are capable of modifying their membrane potential and generate oscillatory patterns in terms of their electrical activity, intracellular calcium levels and insulin release. It also has been proved whatever in vitro or in vivo that beta cells in a cluster oscillate synchronously. However,the necessary conditions for cells synchronization neither for structure of beta cells clusters in pancreatic islets, are not clear. At this thesis, by using complex networks theory, we perform an analysis for coupled beta cells. We proposed a minimal structure for a b-cells cluster with the assumptions that cell in the cluster are rigid spheres, all of them has the same radius and we also assumed that coupling among cells only exists if they are in physical contact. A graph is generated and its topological propierties were studied. The graph used is a net in which every node has the isolated beta cell model asociated and we have found conditions for complete synchronization of identical cells and conditions for partial synchronization of non-identical cells. Once, the topological features and dynamics of the minimal structure were studied, we built a cluster network, studied its topological features and we also gave conditions for its synchronization. By using this structure we try to propose a cell-architecture of beta cell in a pancreatic islet and we stablished conditions for network synchronization.
Efectos inhibitorios de la especie exótica Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) sobre la germinación de especies nativas de México
Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales)"Algunas plantas exóticas liberan metabolitos secundarios al ambiente y estos inhiben la germinación y crecimiento de las especies nativas de sus alrededores. Este proceso de interferencia, generalmente conocido como alelopatía, es una interacción negativa planta-planta que ocurre sin involucrar una competencia directa por recursos. Especies alelopáticas invasoras pueden poner en riesgo la biodiversidad de plantas nativas si impiden su establecimiento. Este podría ser el caso del Pirul (Schinus molle; Anacardiaceae) en México. Esta especie arbórea dioica es nativa de América del Sur, pero fue introducida al centro de México a mediados del siglo 16 y estudios recientes indican que a lo largo de esta región se pueden encontrar poblaciones viables de este árbol exótico creciendo naturalmente. Se ha demostrado que el Pirul reduce la germinación y el crecimiento de especies agrícolas, pero su potencial alelopático sobre las plantas nativas de México aún no ha sido evaluada. Además, sus efectos alelopáticos sólo se han demostrado para árboles femeninos, los cuales producen una drupa de color rojo brillante a la cual se han atribuido la mayoría de los efectos alelopáticos, mientras que los árboles masculinos han sido ignorados. Este estudio se centró en evaluar (1) si los árboles de Pirul inhiben la germinación de especies nativas que colonizan terrenos agrícolas abandonados en el centro de México, y (2) si los árboles de Pirul femeninos y masculinos tienen efectos alelopáticos diferenciales sobre las especies nativas. Para ello, primero se realizaron los bioensayos dirigidos a comprobar si los extractos acuosos obtenidos a partir de flores estaminadas producidas por los árboles masculinos, frutos producidos por árboles femeninos, y las hojas de los dos géneros de árboles inhiben la germinación de seis especies mexicanas. Además de estos bioensayos, se realizaron experimentos de invernadero para evaluar si el suelo debajo del dosel de los árboles de Pirul conserva la capacidad de reducir la germinación de las especies nativas. Los bioensayos realizados con extractos acuosos indicaron que los árboles de Pirul reducen la germinación de todas las especies nativas, en comparación con los controles en los que sólo se aplicó agua destilada. Los extractos acuosos obtenidos a partir de las flores estaminadas y los frutos tuvieron efectos alelopáticos más fuertes que los obtenidos a partir de hojas. No obstante se observaron efectos diferenciales de género en estos bioensayos, donde se obtuvo que los árboles masculinos de Pirul tienen efectos alelopáticos más fuertes que los árboles femeninos. En los experimentos de invernadero, todas las especies nativas mostraron tasas de emergencia más bajas en suelo colectado debajo de los árboles de Pirul que en el suelo control. Sin embargo, cuando se compararon los efectos del tipo de suelo entre Pirules masculinos y femeninos, las diferencias de los efectos entre género no fueron tan evidentes como en el primer experimento. Estos resultados sugieren que los Pirules que han invadido los campos agrícolas abandonados en el centro de México reducen la germinación y el crecimiento de las plantas nativas.""Some exotic plants release secondary metabolites to the environment and this inhibits the germination and growth of native species in their surroundings. This interference process, usually referred to as allelopathy, is a negative plant-plant interaction that occurs without involving direct resource competition. Allelopathic invasive species can endanger native plant biodiversity if they impede the establishment of native plants. This could be the case of the Peruvian peppertree (Schinus molle; Anacardiaceae) in Mexico. This dioecious tree species is native to South America, but it was introduced in central Mexico by the middle of the 16th century and recent studies indicate that viable populations of this exotic tree are naturally occurring across this region. The peppertree has been shown to reduce germination and growth of several crops, but its allelopathic potential on Mexican native plants has not yet been assessed. Further, their allelopathic effects have been only proved for female trees, which produce red-brilliant drupes to which most allelopathic effects have been attributed, while male trees have been largely ignored. This study focused on assessing (1)whetherpepper trees inhibit the germination of native plants that are colonizing abandoned agricultural fields in central Mexico, and (2) whether male and female pepper trees have differential allelopathic effects on native species. For this, we firstly conducted bioassays addressed to test whether aqueous extracts obtained from staminate flowers produced by male trees, fruits produced by female trees, and leaves of both tree genders inhibit the germination of six Mexican plant species. In addition to these bioassays, greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess whether the soil beneath the canopy of pepper trees retains the capability to affect germination of native species. Bioassays conducted with aqueous extracts indicated that peppertrees reduced germination of all native species, as compared to controls on which only distilled water was applied. Aqueous extracts obtained from male flowers and fruits had stronger allelopathic effects than those obtained from leaves. Nevertheless, differential gender effects were observed in these bioassays, where male peppertrees were indicated to have stronger allelopathic effects than female trees. In the greenhouse experiments, all native species displayed lower rates of shoot emergence on soil collected beneath pepper trees than in the control soil.
Chua´s circuit and its characterization as a filter
"This article deals with Chuaʼs circuit characterization from the point of view of a filter based on the concept of piecewise linear functions. Furthermore, experiments are developed for teaching electronic systems that can be used for novel filtering concepts. The frequency range in which they are tested is from to , due to the audio spectrum comprised in this frequency range. The node associated with the capacitor and Chuaʼs diode is used as input, and the node for another capacitor and the coil is used as output, thereby establishing one input–output relationship for each system case given by the piecewise linear functions. The experimental result shows that Chuaʼs circuit behaves as a bandpass filter-amplifier, with a maximum frequency around and bandwidth between and . The results presented in this paper can motivate engineering students to pursue applications of novel electrical circuits based on topics that are of potential interest in their future research studies.
Humedales mexicanos no costeros: representatividad de aves acuáticas, ocupación del hábitat, principales amenazas, acciones de conservación y de investigación
"En total son 78 humedales no costeros protegidos (HMNCP) los cuales han sido decretados como ANP´s, sitios Ramsar y/o Aicas. En la primera parte del presente estudio, se analizó la capacidad de cada uno de los 78 sitios para contribuir a la conservación de la riqueza de aves, las especies con algún grado de amenaza, y las especies con algún grado de sensibilidad. Asimismo se realizaron dos análisis para identificar la similitud en composición de especies en los niveles ecorregionales 1 y 2, y el nivel de representatividad que poseen 183 especies de aves acuáticas dentro de los 78 humedales estudiados. Se comparó la distribución potencial de cada una de las especies con respecto a toda la extensión del territorio mexicano. En general se encontró que las aves acuáticas están poco representadas dentro de estos sitios. Por último, a escala nacional se identificaron las variables que condicionan la riqueza de especies, las cuales fueron el número de tipos de hábitats acuáticos y la altitud. En la segunda parte, se determinó cuales son las amenazas directas más frecuentes sobre los 78 sitios, asimismo las acciones de conservación e investigación que se han implementado hasta el momento. Y las posibles correlaciones entre los tres rubros anteriores, encontrándose que la agricultura es la amenaza más frecuente y que existe poca correlación entre amenazas, acciones de conservación, e investigación. Y la última parte, fue un estudio de caso a dos escalas espaciales, local y de paisaje acerca del efecto de la agricultura sobre los patrones de ocupación de tres especies de aves con diferente grado de vulnerabilidad. En esta sección se concluyó que la agricultura puede tener efectos a ambas escalas, pero estos efectos dependen de la época del año.""In total 78 Mexican protected non-coastal wetlands (MPNCW) have been declared as NPA's, Ramsar sites and/or IBA’s. In the first part, the capacity of each of the 78 sites to contribute to the conservation of bird richness, species with some degree of threat, and species with some sensitivity was analyzed. Also two analyses were performed to identify the similarity in species composition among level 1 and 2 ecoregions in terms of species composition. The level of representation that each of 183 species of waterfowl within the 78 wetlands studied was quantified, and the potential distribution of each species with respect to the full extent of Mexico was analyzed. In general, aquatic bird species are underrepresented among MPNCW. Finally, at the national scale the variables that are most important at determining species richness were identified, these were number of types of aquatic habitats and altitude. In the second part, the most common direct threats, conservation actions and research were determined for each of the 78 sites studied. Possible correlations between these three items were also investigated. It was found that agriculture is the most common threat, and that there is a lack of correlation among threats, conservation actions, and research. The last part of this study was a case study that assessed the effect of agriculture on habitat occupancy by three species of waterbirds with different degrees of vulnerability at two spatial scales; local, and landscape. The results showed that both scales are important, but the response pattern also varies among seasons of the year.
Expansion of CD34+ human hematopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood using roller bottles
"El transplante de células madre hematopoyéticas está limitado por la cantidad de células CD34+ presentes en las unidades de sangre de cordón umbilical; el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener la expansión in vitro de células madre hematopoyéticas. Se establecieron cultivos de células CD34+ de sangre de cordón umbilical en medio IMDM suplementado con citocinas para promover la expansión de progenitores hematopoyéticos. En 5 días de cultivo en frascos giratorios se obtuvo la máxima expansión de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) totales de 16.94±2.82 veces, mientras que en cultivo estático fue de 17.28±4.47. La máxima expansión de células totales fue de 20.31±6.18 veces en frasco giratorio y de 26.45±9.89 veces en cultivo estático a los 10 días de cultivo. Se demostró la eficacia del sistema de frascos giratorios con medio IMDM para el cultivo a corto plazo de células enriquecidas CD34+ provenientes de sangre de cordón umbilical y para la expansión de progenitores hematopoyéticos, potencializando el uso de este sistema para otros experimentos y aplicaciones clínicas a futuro."Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is limited by the initial CD34+ cell content in cord blood units; the aim of this work was the in vitro expansion of HSC to overcome this issue. Supplemented IMDM roller bottle cultures of CD34+ cells from human umbilical cord blood were established for hematopoietic progenitor expansion. The maximum total colony forming cells (CFC) expansion was achieved after 5 days of culture, being 16.94±2.82 folds in roller bottles and 17.28±4.47 in static cultures. However, the maximum total cell fold expansion was attained after 10 days of culture. It was of 20.31±6.18 for the roller bottles and 26.45±9.89 for the static cultures. The efficacy of the roller bottles system for short-term cultures of CD34+ cells and expanding hematopoietic progenitors in IMDM was demonstrated; encouraging the use of this culture system for other experiments and may be used for future clinical applications.
Diagnóstico molecular de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis y M. bovis BCG mediante amplificación por círculo rodante con sondas padlock
"CONTEXTO. El diagnóstico de la tuberculosis (TB) zoonótica requiere métodos rápidos, confiables y accesibles que distingan Mycobacterium bovis en la población humana de alto riesgo, pues los métodos microbiológicos tradicionales para diferenciar las especies del Complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMTB) son laboriosos y toman varias semanas. Los métodos moleculares para identificar M. bovis se basan en la persistencia de diversas regiones de diferenciación (RD) en los genomas del CMTB. La amplificación por círculo rodante (RCA) basada en sondas padlock circularizables dirigidas a secuencias específicas es un método de amplificación de ácidos nucleicos de nueva generación. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar sondas padlock que distingan segmentos específicos de las regiones de diferenciación RD1, RD4 y RD9 de M. tuberculosis, M. bovis y M. bovis BCG. MÉTODOS. Utilizamos las secuencias del flanco izquierdo y el inicio del extremo 5’ de las regiones RD1, RD4 y RD9 de M. tuberculosis y elementos espaciadores de diferente longitud para construir tres sondas padlock denominadas SP5’RD1, SP5’RD4 y SP5’RD9.Las sondas armadas fueron validadas in silico para descartar la generación de productos de amplificación inespecíficos y la formación de asas de cadena doble en los brazos de captura y extensión que pudiesen interferir con su ligación e hibridación a las secuencias blanco. Posteriormente, ensayamos primero la RCA en mezclas que contenían la sonda SP5’RD4 y una construcción de DNA circular con el insertodeRD4+o el amplicón lineal RD4+. Después determinamos el número mínimo de copias de la secuencia blanco detectables y la cinética de la RCA. RESULTADOS. Los ensayos con SP5’RD4 y el vector de DNA circular con el inserto RD4+ generaron monómeros con la longitud unitaria del vector plasmídico, en tanto que con el amplicón lineal generaron los monómeros esperados; en ensayos ulteriores con todas las sondas SP5’ no empleamos blancos de DNA circular sino lineales (i.e., amplicones o DNA genómico del CMTB). Los ensayos con DNA de las cepas de referencia M. tuberculosis H37Rv y M. bovis AN5 generaron los monómeros esperados para las tres sondas y pudieron detectar desde tres copias de genomas del CMTB en 5 h (90 min para la ligación, 120 min para la RCA, 90 min para la restricción y 120 min para el análisis electroforético).""BACKGROUND. Diagnosis of zoonotic TB requires fast, reliable and accessible methods to distinguish Mycobacterium bovis among high-risk human population, because traditional microbiological methods to differentiate species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) are laborious and take several weeks. Molecular methods to identify M. bovis are based on the persistence of several MTC genomic regions of differentiation (RD). Rolling circle amplification (RCA) based on circularizing padlock probes directed to specific sequences is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification method of new generation. The aim of this study was to develop padlock probes with the ability to distinguish specific segments of the RD1, RD4 and RD9 regions from M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. bovis BCG. METHODS. The left flank and the beginning of the 5'ends of RD1, RD4 and RD9 sequences from M. tuberculosis and three spacer elements of different length were used to design three padlock probes designated SP5’RD1, SP5’RD4 and SP5’RD9. Armed probes were validated in silico to discard the generation of nonspecific amplification products and double stranded loop formation in the capture and extension arms that could interfere with their ligation and hybridization to target sequences. RCA assays were first performed in mixtures containing SP5’RD4 and either a circular DNA vector with the RD4+ insert or the lineal RD4+amplicon. The lowest number of detectable target copies and kinetics were determined later. RESULTS. Essays with SP5’RD4 and the circular DNA vector containing the RD4+ insert generated unit length monomers of the plasmid vector, whereas those with the linear amplicon generated the expected monomers; in further essays with all SP5’ probes no circular but linear DNA targets (i.e., amplicons or MTC genomic DNA)were used. Essays with genomic DNA from the M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis AN5 reference strains generated the expected monomers and could detect down to three MTC genome copies in 5 h (90 min for ligation, RCA for 120 min, 90 min for restriction and 120 min for electrophoretic analysis).CONCLUSIONS. This work is the first to successfully use padlock probes to differentiate MTC species through analysis of the RD1, RD4 and RD9 regions. Additional padlock probes may be also applied to diagnose other infections and genetically determined diseases and conditions.
Direct imaging of phase objects enables conventional deconvolution in bright field light microscopy
"In transmitted optical microscopy, absorption structure and phase structure of the specimen determine the three-dimensional intensity distribution of the image. The elementary impulse responses of the bright field microscope therefore consist of separate absorptive and phase components, precluding general application of linear, conventional deconvolution processing methods to improve image contrast and resolution. However, conventional deconvolution can be applied in the case of pure phase (or pure absorptive) objects if the corresponding phase (or absorptive) impulse responses of the microscope are known. In this work, we present direct measurements of the phase point-and line-spread functions of a high-aperture microscope operating in transmitted bright field. Polystyrene nanoparticles and microtubules (biological polymer filaments) serve as the pure phase point and line objects, respectively, that are imaged with high contrast and low noise using standard microscopy plus digital image processing. Our experimental results agree with a proposed model for the response functions, and confirm previous theoretical predictions. Finally, we use the measured phase point-spread function to apply conventional deconvolution on the bright field images of living, unstained bacteria, resulting in improved definition of cell boundaries and sub-cellular features. These developments demonstrate practical application of standard restoration methods to improve imaging of phase objects such as cells in transmitted light microscopy.