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Modeling the disintegration process in anaerobic digestion of tannery sludge and fleshing
Get PDF"Mathematical modeling of anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely acknowledged as a powerful tool to v of the process and to support full-scale plant design, operation and optimization. In this work, a modified version of the IWA-ADM1 model is proposed to simulate the AD of tannery primary sludge (TPS) and fleshing, with special emphasis on the disintegration formulation. Multiple batch tests were performed at different inoculum/substrate VS-mass ratio, in order to evaluate the biodegradability of the two substrates and to provide experimental data for modeling purposes. Beside the necessary adjustments of substrates' COD fractionation, the structure modifications of the model focused on the disintegration and hydrolysis. The Contois Monod-based model was adopted to describe disintegration kinetics and the results were compared to the traditionally adopted first-order kinetic. The fate of particulate matter generated from biomass lysis was also questioned and a new model variable was introduced to account for cellular lysis products. Finally, a further modification differentiated substrate particulate matter into a readily and a slowly hydrolysable fraction. Batch tests confirmed that TPS and fleshing are suitable substrates for AD, exhibiting specific methane productions of: 0.26 ± 0.06 and 0.47 ± 0.05 Nm3 Kg−1VS, respectively. Modeling results showed that the proposed modifications were crucial for successful simulation of experimental data referring to fleshing, whereas did not have a significant effect on the results related to primary sludge degradation. This work is the first application of an IWA-ADM1-based model to AD of tannery waste.
Experimental multi-scroll attractor driven by switched systems
Get PDF"This article deals with an electronic implementation of a 3-D dynamical system that comprises multiple scrolls and is regarded as unstable dissipative system. Such a system is dissipative in one of its components but unstable in the other two. The proposed electronic circuit is implemented with resistors, capacitors and comparators and has the capability to generate two or three scrolls
Method for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium bovis in a biological sample and use of specific oligonucleotides
No full text"En la presente invención se describe y reclama un método in Vitro para la identificación específica de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis y Mycobacterium Complex, de manera simultánea mediante PCR multiplex y el kit de diagnóstico que lo contiene, mediante el uso de los oligonucleótidos descritos en las SEQ ID No. 1, SEQ. ID. No. 2, SEQ. ID. No. 3, SEQ. ID. No. 4, SEQ. ID. No. 5 y SEQ. ID. No. 6.""The present invention describes and claims an in Vitro method for the specific identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium Complex in a simultaneous manner by PCR multiplex and the diagnosis kit containing the same, using the oligonucleotides described in the SEQ ID No. 1, SEQ. ID. No. 2, SEQ. ID. No. 3, SEQ. ID. No. 4, SEQ. ID. No. 5 y SEQ. ID. No. 6.
IPICIM: módulo clasificador de imágenes ópticas multiespectrales aplicado al área de geociencias
Get PDF"En años recientes con la creación de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM) y su intención de incursionar en el sector aeroespacial, se han propiciado las condiciones adecuadas para la investigación y desarrollo de tecnología y capacidades nacionales en el ámbito aeroespacial. En este trabajo, se reporta el diseño e
implementación de módulos computacionales para el procesamiento de datos adquiridos mediante sistemas satelitales ópticos multi-espectrales dedicados a la observación y monitoreo de la superficie terrestre.
El sistema IPICIM (formado por las siglas IPI de Instituto Potosino de Investigación y CIM de Clasificador de Imágenes Multi-espectrales) permite trabajar con todos los satélites de la familia Landsat (L1-L8), como primer requisito solicitado por la AEMCONACYT con la posibilidad de expandir su rango de operación a otros sistemas ópticos multi-espectrales. Se diseñaron e implementaron módulos especializados para el tratamiento de los datos en dos categorías principales: el pre-procesamiento consistente en la
corrección de errores, adecuación y depuración de datos, y como segunda etapa la generación de contenidos digitales encargada de la elaboración de mapas temáticos y procesos dedicados de clasificación de la información. Los clasificadores con los que cuenta el IPICIM son del tipo supervisado, no supervisado
y se presenta una propuesta de modelo basado en el uso de redes neuronales y autoaprendizaje a partir de dos librerías digitales de firmas espectrales, la primera formulada por los laboratorios de JHU (Johns Hopkins University), JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) y USGS (United States Geological Survey) y de una base de firmas espectrales nacional, la cual fue iniciada en este trabajo, actualmente se tienen aproximadamente 40 firmas espectrales relacionadas con aguas contaminadas, vegetación invasiva y diferentes tipos de roca/suelo. Los resultados obtenidos con el clasificador basado en redes neuronales y apoyado de las firmas espectrales sugieren que el desempeño del algoritmo aprovecha las ventajas de los clasificadores convencionales (supervisado y no supervisado) minimizando sus desventajas. El IPICIM fue evaluado y comparado con otros SIG (Sistemas de información geográfica) de paga (ENVI) y gratuitos (GRASS-Qgis) obteniendo resultados muy semejantes.""In recent years, with the creation of the Mexican Space Agency (AEM) and its intention to get into the aerospace sector, have favored the right conditions for research in that field. In this work, we report the design and implementation of computational modules for the processing of data acquired through multi-spectral optical satellite systems dedicated to the observation and monitoring of the Earth's surface. The IPICIM system formed by the Spanish acronym IPI of Instituto Potosino de Investigacion (Investigation Institute of San Luis Potosi) and CIM of Clasificador de Imágenes Multiespectrales (Multi-Spectral Images Classifier), allows to work with every single satellite of the Landsat family (L1-L8), as the first requirement set by the AEM-CONACYT, with the possibility of expanding its operation range to other multispectral optical systems. Specialized modules for data processing were designed and implemented in two main categories: consisting pre-processing on error correction, data adequacy and debugging, and as the second stage the generation of digital content in charge of thematic maps and dedicated classification processes. The IPICIM classifiers are: the supervised, unsupervised and a proposed model based on the use of neural networks and self-learning is presented. The last one using two digital databases of spectral signatures, the supervised formulated by the JHU laboratories (Johns Hopkins University, JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and USGS (United States Geological Survey) and the second one from a national spectral signature base, which was started in this work, currently it is conformed by approximately 40 spectral signatures related to contaminated water, invasive vegetation and different types of rock / soil. The results obtained with the neural network based classifier and supported by the spectral signatures suggest that the algorithm performance takes advantage of the conventional classifiers (supervised and unsupervised) minimizing its disadvantages. The IPICIM was evaluated and compared with other GIS (Geographical Information Systems) of payment (ENVI) and free (GRASS-Qgis) obtaining very similar results.
Repetitive controller for compensation of periodic signal
No full text"A repetitive controller scheme with positive feedback and feedforward introduces infinitely many poles on the imaginary axis located at the resonant peaks. The feedforward introduces zeros, which produce notches located in between two consecutive resonant peaks. The latter has the advantage of making the controller more selective, in the sense that; the original overlapping (appearing at the valleys in a simple positive feedback repetitive controller) or interaction between consecutive resonant peaks is removed by the notches. This would allow, in principle, peaks of higher gains and slightly wider bandwidth, avoiding, at the same time, the excitation of harmonics located in between two consecutive peaks. The repetitive controller includes a simple Low Pass Filter (LPF).; This modification restricts the bandwidth of the controller and at the same time reinforces stability when the controller is inserted in the closed-loop system.
Deforestation impacts on bat functional diversity in tropical landscapes
Get PDF"Functional diversity is the variability in the functional roles carried out by species within ecosystems. Changes in the environment can affect this component of biodiversity and can, in turn, affect different processes, including some ecosystem services. This study aimed to determine the effect of forest loss on species richness, abundance and functional diversity of Neotropical bats. To this end, we identified six landscapes with increasing loss of forest cover in the Huasteca region of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We captured bats in each landscape using mist nets, and calculated functional diversity indices (functional richness and functional evenness) along with species richness and abundance. We analyzed these measures in terms of percent forest cover. We captured 906 bats (Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae), including 10 genera and 12 species. Species richness, abundance and functional richness per night are positively related with forest cover. Generalized linear models show that species richness, abundance and functional richness per night are significantly related with forest cover, while seasonality had an effect on abundance and functional richness. Neither forest cover nor season had a significant effect on functional evenness. All these findings were consistent across three spatial scales (1, 3 and 5 km radius around sampling sites). The decrease in species, abundance and functional richness of bats with forest loss may have implications for the ecological processes they carry out such as seed dispersal, pollination and insect predation, among others.
Proceso de invasión del Pirul (Schinus molle L., Anacardiaceae) en México
Get PDFTesis (Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales)"El presente proyecto planteo realizar una investigación con una especie exótica que lleva más de 450 años en México, es el caso de Schinus molle L., comúnmente conocido como Pirul. Esta especie arbórea originaria de la región Andina (Perú y Bolivia) de Sudamérica, actualmente se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en el territorio nacional, pero también ha sido introducida en regiones del mundo. Dada la antigüedad y la extensión de esta invasión biológica en México, la efectividad de las acciones de prevención y/o control que se pueden plantearse para el Pirul dependerán de la información científica disponible sobre su distribución en el país. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos de las agencias gubernamentales y de las instituciones científico-académicas, la información sobre el número de especies exóticas e invasoras en México sigue siendo incompleta. Por tanto, es necesario generar conocimientos sobre las especies exóticas que se encuentran en el país con el objetivo de tener información de referencia para identificar las causas y consecuencias de su introducción. Esto permitiría diseñar estrategias y medidas de control eficaces para aquellas con impactos negativos sobre la biota nativa o las actividades humanas. Por tal motivo, se realizó una revisión del estado del arte en materia de las invasiones biológicas en México, incluyendo un listado actualizado de las especies exóticas e invasoras que hay en el país. Para ello se recopiló un total de 582 referencias bibliográficas, incluyendo desde la referencia más antigua de la cual se tuvo registro hasta julio de 2016. La temática principal en estos estudios es la historia natural y patrones de distribución de las especies exóticas, seguidos por estudios de perspectivas y análisis de riesgo, mientras que solo una minoría analiza el impacto de estas especies sobre la biota y los ecosistemas nativos. Estas publicaciones reportan un total de 2192 especies exóticas para México, de las cuales menos del 40% son consideradas como especies invasoras. Los principales motivos por los cuales estas especies exóticas fueron introducidas en México son su uso alimenticio, ornamental o mascotas, aunque muchas de ellas también fueron introducidas de forma accidental.""This project proposes perform with an exotic species that has over 450 years in Mexico, is the case of Schinus molle L., commonly known as Peruvian peppertree. This tree species is native to the Andean region (Peru and Bolivia) in South America. It is now widely distributed in the country, but also has been introduced in others regions of the world. Given the age and extent of this biological invasion in Mexico, the effectiveness of prevention and / or control that can be raised for the Peruvian peppertree depend on the available scientific information on their distribution in the country. However, despite the efforts of government agencies and scientific and academic institutions, the information on the number of exotic and invasive species in Mexico it remains incomplete. It is therefore necessary to generate knowledge on alien species found in the country with the aim of having reference information to identify the causes and consequences of their introduction. This would allow to design effective strategies and measures for those with negative impacts on native biota or human activities. Therefore, a review of the state of the art of biological invasions in Mexico was done, including an updated list of exotic and invasive species in the country. A total of 582 references were compiled, including from the oldest reference until July 2016. The main theme in these studies is the natural history and distribution patterns of invasive species, followed by studies of perspectives and risk analysis, while only a minority analyzes the impact of these species on native biota and ecosystems. These references report a total of 2192 exotic species for Mexico, of which less than 40% are considered invasive species. The main reasons why these exotic species were introduced in Mexico are its food, pets or ornamental use, although many of them were also introduced unitentionally. These data show that alien species continue to invade the country, suggesting that there is an urgent need to develop strategies to minimize their impact on native biota, as well as developing environmental education to increase public awareness of this problem.
Expresión inducible de fusiones traduccionales de los genes MTL de Candida glabrata
Get PDFTesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Biología Molecular)"La reproducción sexual y el control de la identidad del tipo celular sexual en la mayoría de los hongos está regulada por los genes codificados en el locus MAT (mating type locus) o MTL (mating type like) en otros hongos. Candida glabrata es una levadura haploide y asexual. Sin embargo, contiene en su genoma tres loci MTL en los cuales codifica los genes ortólogos a los que regulan el apareamiento en Saccharomyces cerevisiae, denominados a1, alfa1 y alfa2. El hecho de que C. glabrata haya conservado estos genes aun cuando no existan hasta el momento evidencias experimentales de reproducción sexual, plantea la pregunta de cuál es la función de estos genes en esta levadura. Para el estudio de la función de estos genes, hemos generado cuatro vectores replicativos en C. glabrata que nos permitirán construir fusiones traduccionales con dos epítopos diferentes (Flag o c-Myc) o con dos fluoróforos (mCherry o YFP), tanto en el extremo carboxilo como el amino de los genes de interés. Los vectores además contienen un promotor inducible, el del gen MET3 o del gen MT1, de manera que es posible etiquetar los genes de interés en cualquiera de los extremos e inducirlos mediante el crecimiento en medios específicos. Hemos generado diferentes fusiones traduccionales donde los genes codificados en los loci MTL ya se encuentran etiquetados en el extremo carboxilo y amino terminal con fluoróforos o epítopos de estos vectores. Con estas construcciones realizaremos ensayos para identificar la localización celular de las proteínas codificadas por estos genes (para los genes etiquetados con fluoróforos), así como estudios de interacción DNAproteínas (ChIP, ChIP-seq) e interacción entre proteínas (CoIP) mediante la coexpresión de diferentes genes etiquetados. Paralelamente, para realizar estudios de la función de estos genes hemos clonado los genes silvestres de interés (sin fusiones traduccionales) bajo el promotor inducible PMT1 para determinar el fenotipo de la sobreexpresión de cada uno de estos genes.""Sexual reproduction in most fungi is controlled by genes encoded in the MAT locus (Mating Type Locus) or MTL (Mating-Type Like) in other fungi. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae these genes encode transcription factors involved in the establishment of the cell-type identity and regulation of mating. Candida glabrata is a haploid and asexual yeast that is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. However, it has orthologous genes to those that regulate mating in S. cerevisiae, called a1, alpha1 and alpha2 encoded in the MTL loci. The fact that C. glabrata has preserved these genes, even though there is no experimental evidence of sexual reproduction, raises the question of what is the role of these genes in this organism. To elucidate the function of these genes, we have generated four different replicative recipient vectors in C. glabrata, that allow us to generate translational fusions with two different epitopes (Flag or c-Myc) or two fluorophores (mCherry or YFP), at either the C or N-termini of the genes of interest. These plasmids are replicative in C. glabrata and have different selection markers to allow for selection of two plasmids in a single cell, and coexpression of two different tagged proteins. In addition the vectors contain one of two inducible promoters: the promoter of either MET3 or MT1 genes, so it is possible to tag the genes of interest at either end and induce the fusions by growing in specific media. We generated different translational fusions of the MTL genes at the carboxy and amino termini with both fluorophores and epitopes used in this work. We will use these fusions to identify the cellular localization of these proteins (in the case of genes tagged with fluorophores), as well as studies of DNA-protein interaction (ChIP, ChIP-seq) and protein-protein interactions by co-expression of different genes in the same cell (CoIP). In parallel, we have cloned each wild-type gene (with no epitope or fluorophore fusion) under the inducible promoter PMT1 to study the effect of the over-expression of these genes.
Quality assessment of irrigation water related to soil salinization in Tierra Nueva, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Get PDF"Soil salinization is a complex process resulting from the interaction of several factors, mainly quality of water used for irrigation, which deteriorates by aquifer overexploitation, and changes in rainfall patterns and aquifer recharge related to climate change. The purpose of this paper is to present a method to assess the variations of groundwater quality, to compare its suitability for irrigation and to decipher the possible causes of soil salinity in Tierra Nueva, San Luis Potos, Mexico. To assess salinization related to irrigation water quality, dissolved anions and cations were measured in surface and groundwater samples; the most widely used water quality indices to evaluate potential salinity risk of soils are Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). In view of the limited number and uncertainty of using only two indices, in the present work a novel water quality assessment was applied for the first time by statistically combining eight individual quality indices: (RSC), (SAR), percentage of sodium (% Na), Kelley ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) and cation ratio of structural stability (CROSS). A factorial variance analysis and principal component analysis of these eight indices were performed to identify linearity and maximum variance. All irrigation water tests show dissolved ions that can easily precipitate as indicated by PI. In cropland, % Na, SSP, RSC, KR and PI had values unsuitable for irrigation, while RAS, CROSS and MAR values are within suitable levels. The main mechanism of soil salinization seems to be the cation exchange of Ca2+ to Na+ in the waters, along with the precipitation of natrite (Na2CO3) promoted by shallow groundwater and semi-desert conditions of the region. The population growth in the region has caused further demand of clean water for human consumption, affecting the water availability from the aquifer of the study zone, worsened by drought associated to climate change.""La salinización de los suelos agrícolas es un proceso complejo y el resultado de las interacciones de varios factores, principalmente la calidad del agua utilizada para riego, la cual se deteriora por factores como la sobreexplotación de los acuíferos y las modificaciones en la precipitación y la recarga debido al cambio climático. El propósito de esta investigación es presentar un método de evaluación que resalte las variaciones de la calidad del agua subterránea, para comparar su idoneidad para el riego y descifrar las posibles causas de la salinización del suelo en Tierra Nueva, San Luis Potosí, México. Para evaluar la salinización a partir de la calidad de agua de riego, se midieron los aniones y cationes disueltos en aguas superficiales y subterráneas. Los índices de calidad de agua más utilizados para evaluar el riesgo de salinización de suelos son el carbonato de sodio residual (CSR) y la relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS). Viendo el número limitado de índices y la incertidumbre que representa el uso de solo éstos dos, en el presente trabajo una nueva forma de evaluar la calidad del agua se presenta por primera vez, combinándola con un análisis estadístico de ocho índices individuales de calidad de agua: CSR, RAS, porcentaje de sodio (% de Na), la relación de Kelley (KR), el índice de permeabilidad (PI), el porcentaje de sodio soluble (PSS), relación de adsorción de magnesio (RAM) y la relación de cationes de la estabilidad estructural (CROSS). Se realizó un análisis de varianza factorial y el análisis de componentes principales de los ocho índices para identificar la linealidad y la varianza máxima. Todas las muestras de agua de riego contienen iones disueltos que pueden precipitar fácilmente como indica el PI. En las zonas de cultivo, los índices que revelaron que el agua no es adecuada para su uso en el riego fueron: % Na, PSS, CSR, KR y PI. El principal mecanismo de salinización del suelo parece ser el intercambio catiónico entre Ca2+ y Na+ en las aguas, junto con la presencia de aguas subterráneas poco profundas y condiciones semidesérticas de la región que promueven la precipitación del mineral natrita (Na2CO3). En la región, la población va en aumento, lo que ha ocasionado una mayor demanda de agua limpia para el consumo humano, repercutiendo directamente en la disponibilidad de agua del acuífero de la zona de estudio, lo cual se ha agravado por la sequía asociada al cambio climático.
Changes in angiotensin receptor distribution and in aortic morphology are associated with blood pressure control in aged metabolic syndrome rats
Get PDF"The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in blood pressure regulation in MS during aging is unknown. It participates in metabolic syndrome (MS) and aging regulating vascular tone and remodeling. RAS might participate in a compensatory mechanism decreasing blood pressure and allowing MS rats to reach 18 months of age and it might form part of therapeutical procedures to ameliorate MS. We studied histological changes and distribution of RAS receptors in aortas of MS aged rats. Electron microscopy images showed premature aging in MS since the increased fibrosis, enlarged endothelium, and invasion of this layer by muscle cells that was present in control 18-month-old aortas were also found in 6-month-old aortas from MS rats. AT1, AT2, and Mas receptors mediate the effects of Ang II and Ang 1-7, respectively. Fluorescence from AT2 decreased with age in control and MS aortas, while fluorescence of AT1 increased in aortas from MS rats at 6 months and diminished during aging. Mas expression increased in MS rats and remained unchanged in control rats. In conclusion, there is premature aging in the aortas from MS rats and the elevated expression of Mas receptor might contribute to decrease blood pressure during aging in MS.