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High-fluence and high-flux performance characteristics of the superconducting Magnum-PSI linear plasma facility
Get PDFThe Magnum-PSI facility is unique in its ability to produce and even exceed the heat and particle fluxes expected in the divertor of a fusion reactor, combined with good access to the plasma-material interaction region for diagnostics and relatively easy sample manipulation. In addition, it is possible to study the effects of transient heat loads on a plasma-facing surface, similar to those expected during so called Edge Localized Modes. By virtue of a newly installed superconducting magnet, Magnum-PSI can now maintain these conditions for hours on end for truly long term tests of candidate plasma facing materials. The electron density and temperature in the plasma beam center as a function of different magnetic fields up to 1.6 T, gas flow and source current are determined: particle fluxes greater than 10 25 m −2 s −1 and heat fluxes of up to 50 MW m −2 are obtained. Linear regression and artificial neural network analysis have been used to gain insight in the general behavior of plasma conditions as a function of these machine settings. The plasma conditions during transient plasma heat loading have also been determined. These capabilities are now being exploited to reach fluence of up to 10 30 particles m −2 at ITER-relevant conditions, equivalent to a significant fraction of the divertor service lifetime for the first time.</p
Electrical Diagnostics of Dielectric Barrier Discharges
No full textAtmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) has many industrial applications and remains a focus of academic research. This chapter provides a thorough overview of electrical diagnostics for DBD, with a specific focus on charge-voltage measurement techniques. These methods are often underutilised in the existing scientific literature, despite the fact that they can provide useful insights into plasma behaviour. Both optimization of the electrical measurement setup and the interpretation of results are treated in-depth. The diagnostic techniques are discussed for a range of applications, from classic planar DBDs, to catalyst packed beds, plasma actuators, as well as techniques for measuring single microdischarges.
[book: Plasma as the fourth state of matter is an ionized gas consisting of both negative and positive ions, electrons, neutral atoms, radicals, and photons. In the last few decades, atmospheric-pressure plasmas have started to attract increasing attention from both scientists and industry due to a variety of potential applications. Because of increasing interest in the topic, the focus of this book is on providing engineers and scientists with a fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical properties of different atmospheric-pressure plasmas via plasma diagnostic techniques and their applications. The book has been organized into two parts. Part I focuses on the latest achievements in advanced diagnostics of different atmospheric-pressure plasmas. Part II deals with applications of different atmospheric-pressure plasmas.
Post-test examination of a Li-Ta heat pipe exposed to H plasma in Magnum PSI
No full textThe authors exposed a radiatively cooled, Li-filled tantalum (Ta) heat pipe (HP) to a H plasma in Magnum PSI continuously for ˜2 h. We kept the overall heat load on the inclined HP constant and varied the tilt to give peak heat fluxes of ˜7.5–13 MW/m2. The peak temperature reached ˜1250 °C. This paper describes the post-test analysis and discusses Li HPs with materials other than Ta for fusion. A companion paper describes the experiment
Investigating the effect of different impurities on plasma detachment in linear plasma machine Magnum-PSI
No full textTo achieve a tolerable heat and particle flux to the divertor target of fusion reactors, the so-called plasma detachment is essential to be set up and controlled. Impurity seeding facilitates the achievement of such a regime, mostly due to the enhanced plasma radiation led by the excitation-relaxation cycle of such species. Little is known about the impurity-induced plasma chemical processes occurring in the divertor region during detachment operation. In this work, the influence of three different impurities, i.e., N2, Ar, and He, on detachment performance is studied. To do so, experimental campaigns on the linear plasma machine Magnum-PSI have been carried out. Results highlight the beneficial role of N2 + H2 seeding, decreasing the plasma pressure in front of the target, leading to a reduced heat load compared to the pure H2 seeding case. An opposite trend has been found concerning He and Ar puffing. In fact, injection of H2 + He and H2 + Ar gas mixtures led to an increased heat flux. To address the importance of different plasma-chemical reaction paths, global plasma models have been used. The resulting reduced reaction schemes for Ar + H2, He + H2, and N2 + H2 have been implemented in B2.5-Eunomia, a coupled code consisting of a Monte Carlo code treating the transport of neutrals and a fluid code solving plasma equations. Simulation results qualitatively reproduce the favorable effect of N2, while confirming the deteriorating effect of He and Ar on a detachedlike hydrogen plasma. We point the synergetic role of H2 + N2 to be due to molecular-driven ion recombination, i.e., N-molecular-assisted recombination (MAR). A direct comparison of the collision frequency between N-MAR and MAR is showed, highlighting the crucial importance of the former in reducing the ion and heat flux to the target plate.</p
MANTIS: A real-time quantitative multispectral imaging system for fusion plasmas
No full textThis work presents a novel, real-time capable, 10-channel Multispectral Advanced Narrowband Tokamak Imaging System installed on the TCV tokamak, MANTIS. Software and hardware requirements are presented together with the complete system architecture. The image quality of the system is assessed with emphasis on effects resulting from the narrowband interference filters. Some filters are found to create internal reflection images that are correlated with the filters’ reflection coefficient. This was measured for selected filters where significant absorption (up to 65% within ∼70 nm of the filter center) was measured. The majority of this was attributed to the filter’s design, and several filters’ performance is compared. Tailored real-time algorithms exploiting the system’s capabilities are presented together with benchmarks comparing polling and event based synchronization. The real-time performance is demonstrated with a density ramp discharge performed on TCV. The behavior of spectral lines’ emission from different plasma species and their interpretation are qualitatively described.</p
Steps on Pt stereodynamically filter sticking of O2
No full textPlatinum is widely applied as an oxidation catalyst. The surfaces of metallic catalyst particles are generally composed of atomically flat planes connected by edges. In this paper, we unveil how Pt edges affect O2 sticking. Opposing types of behaviors are observed for high and low incident energies. The dependencies identify the mechanisms by which O2 molecules stick, which is the first step in the oxidation reactions.Low coordinated sites on catalytic surfaces often enhance reactivity, but the underlying dynamical processes are poorly understood. Using two independent approaches, we investigate the reactivity of O2 impinging onto platinum and resolve how step edges on (111) terraces enhance sticking. At low incident energy, the linear dependence on step density, independence of step type, and insensitivity to O2\u27s molecular alignment show that trapping into a physisorbed state precedes molecular chemisorption and dissociation. At higher impact energies, direct molecular chemisorption occurs in parallel on steps and terraces. While terraces are insensitive to alignment of the molecule within the (111) plane, steps favor molecules impacting with their internuclear axis parallel to the edge. Stereodynamical filtering thus controls sticking and dissociation of O2 on Pt with a twofold role of steps.</p
Plasma-based CO2 conversion
Get PDFThe conversion of CO2 to chemicals and consumables is a pioneering approach to utilize undesired CO2 emissions and simultaneously create new products out of sustainable feedstock. Volume 1 gives an introduction to CO2 chemistry, utilisation and sustainability and further discusses its capture and separation. Volume 2 describes several routes to transform CO2 into various compounds by catalytic and electrochemical as well as photo- and plasma induced reactions. The set combines fundamentals of CO2 chemistry, its capture and separation as well transformative reactions. Both volumes are available individually: Vol1: ISBN 978-3-11-056309-2 and Vol2: 978-3-11-066503-1. Both volumes are also included in a set ISBN 978-3-11-066549-9. Vol2, Part VI: Photo- and plasma induced reactions of CO, Chapter 28.</p