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以支持向量機學習作雙眼立體視訊顯著性檢測;Stereoscopic Video Saliency Detection Using Support Vector Machine Learning
No full text[[abstract]]近年來，3D技術應用越來越普遍，3D視訊視覺感知技術變得越來越重要。而在3D視訊視覺感知技術中，顯著性檢測是一個重要的議題，主要目的是模擬人類視覺系統，並在大量的視覺資訊中檢測出較為重要的區域。因此，本研究提出一個新的雙眼立體視訊顯著性檢測方法，以支持向量機學習來檢測顯著區域。首先，將超像速分割用於視訊中的每一個畫面來切割，然後擷取空間、時間、深度、與人類意識有關的物件及時間空間特徵來產生特徵圖，其中空間特徵包含顏色對比和顏色轉換，時間特徵包含相對運動和運動邊界，深度特徵包含深度對比和邊界流暢，與人類意識有關的物件特徵包含人臉、人、車輛及動物，時間空間特徵包含定向梯度直方圖、定向流直方圖、運動邊界直方圖、3D離散餘弦變換，接著利用支持向量機學習來結合這些特徵圖以得到初始顯著圖，最後通過使用中心偏差，視覺靈敏度和模糊化來獲得最終顯著性圖。實驗結果顯示，在IRCCyN資料庫中本研究提出方法的性能優於其他三種比較方法。
Recently, 3D technology application is more widespread, 3D video visual perception technologies become more important. In 3D video visual perception technologies, saliency detection is a significant issue, which simulate human visual system and detect more important regions in scenes. In this study, a novel stereoscopic video saliency detection approach using support vector machine is proposed. First, superpixel segmentation is utilize for each frame of video sequences. Then, spatial, temporal, depth, object, and spatiotemporal features, namely, color contrast, color transform, relative motion, motion boundary, depth contrast, boundary flow, face, person, vehicle, animal, histogram of oriented gradients, histogram of oriented flow, motion boundary histogram, and 3D-discrete cosine transform, are extracted and produced feature maps. Third, these feature maps are fused by support vector machine to get the initial saliency map. Finally, the final saliency map is obtained by using center bias, visual sensitivity, and blurring. Experimental results show that the performance of proposed approach is better than the three comparison approaches on IRCCyN database
放射治療中以體表標記物的呼吸運動軌跡預測體內腫瘤位置的可行性分析;The Feasibility Analysis of Predicting Tumor Position in vivo by Respiratory Motion Track of Body Surface Markers in Radiotherapy
No full text[[abstract]]根據衛福部 106 年的統計惡性腫瘤已經連續36年位於國人的主要死因，治療惡性腫瘤最常見的方法是使用放射線治療，但在放射治療中，腫瘤會隨著病患的呼吸運動而移動，導致治療的效果可能不如預期。如何更精準的定位隨著呼吸運動而位移的腫瘤，一直是放射治療中很重要的議題。在臨床上常用的方法是利用放置於體表的定位標記點追蹤呼吸狀態，在同樣的呼吸狀態下重複對腫瘤照射放射線以降低呼吸造成的不確定性。本篇研究以實驗探討體外標記點是否能用來預測體內腫瘤隨著呼吸運動的移動軌跡。我們使用一台紅外線相機和一台可見光相機記錄可反射紅外線的反光盒在影像空間中隨著呼吸移動的三維座標，再從10組有不同呼吸深度的4DCT影像，找出紅外線反光盒與腫瘤在4DCT影像中的座標。從光學影像和4DCT影像取得的座標可分成兩組，第一組為可見光與紅外線影像對應4DCT中的紅外線反光盒，第二組為4DCT中的紅外線反光盒對應4DCT中的腫瘤。兩組隨著時間變動的座標利用polynomial fitting找出對應關係，最後能單獨使用影像空間中標記點的座標來預測腫瘤在4DCT中的座標。未來病患在接受放療時，這樣的技術可以讓我們從體外標記點的移動直接推測出腫瘤在體內的位置，作為追蹤腫瘤及避開健康組織的依據。
According to the data of Ministry of Health and Welfare announced in 2017, malignant tumor has been the main cause of death for 36 consecutive years in Taiwan. The most common treatment for malignant tumors is radiation therapy, but during the course the tumor moves with the patient's respiratory motion, which may make the therapy less effective.How to reduce the uncertainty of the respiratory movement of a tumor has been an important issue in radiation therapy. A commonly used method in the clinic is to use a positioning marker placed on the body surface to track the respiratory state, and repeat the irradiation to the tumor at the same state to reduce the uncertainty caused by the breathing. In this study, we experimentally investigated whether an in vitro fiducial marker on the body surface (BSFM) could be used to predict the trajectory of an in vivo tumor with respiratory motions. We use an infrared camera and a visible camera to record the three-dimensional coordinates of the externally-reflected infrared-reflecting points moving in the image space with the breathing, and locate both BSFM and tumor from 10 sets of 4DCT images with different breathing depths. The corresponding mapping between the coordinates obtained from the optical images and the 4DCT images can be divided into two parts. The first part is the mapping from optical images to 4DCT images of the BSFM locations. The second part is the mapping from BSFM locations to tumor locations in the 4DCT images. Two parts of mapping changing with the time are approximated by polynomial fitting. Eventually the coordinates of tumor in 4D-CT can be estimated from the coordinates of BSFM in the image space of cameras. When patients receive radiotherapy, such technique allows us to directly infer the position and motion of an in vivo tumor from its BSFM captured by the outside video cameras
鍺錫/鍺量子井光偵測器之光電特性探討;Optoelectronic Characteristics of GeSn/Ge quantum-well photodetectors
No full text[[abstract]]鍺錫合金為新興的IV族半導體材料，隨著錫濃度的上升而能隙變小，並且錫到達一定濃度時轉變成直接能隙材料，所以可藉由改變濃度來控制材料之能隙。此外能以CMOS半導體技術製作成矽基光電元件，故鍺錫合金在發展光子積體電路上有很高的發展潛力，在現今通訊蓬勃發展的世界中有利於大幅地提升資訊傳輸量。 本論文探討鍺錫/鍺多重量子井金屬半導體金屬光偵測器在不同溫度下的光電特性。本研究使用黃光微影方式製作出錫濃度分別為3%與4%的鍺錫/鍺金屬半導體金屬多重量子井光偵測器。量測光偵測器在不同溫度下光響應度與暗電流等光電特性。隨著溫度的上升，暗電流有增大的現象，並經由阿瑞尼士關係式萃取出元件的活化能，結果發現活化能比能隙的一半小了很多，代表元件內部缺陷少。量測的光響應度頻譜出現階梯化特徵，代表能階出現量子化的現象，我們也藉由此現象萃取出重電洞(HH)與輕電洞(LH)的能隙。 本研究製作的元件光響應度截止波長已拓展到1700nm，且已涵蓋整個通訊波段，可在光纖通訊有重要應用。藉由不同溫度下量測的光響應度可以知道，隨著溫度的上升，可以觀察到光響應度有紅移現象，雖然溫度對能隙的改變並不會很大，可是溫度對於元件仍然是有影響的。另外由光響應度找到的截止波長與光致螢光波峰位置吻合，證明兩種方法皆可以找出元件的能隙。由活化能的數據可以知道量子井結構非常適合鍺錫合金，能解決其內部缺陷過多的問題。
GeSn is an emerging group-IV semiconductor material. As the Sn concentration increases, the band gap decreases. When a certain Sn concentration is met, it becomes a direct-band-gap material. Therefore, the band gap of the material can be controlled by adjusting the Sn concentration. Moreover, with the CMOS technology, this study produced a silicon-based photoelectric component. Thus, the potential of GeSn in developing PICs is very high. In the modern world where the communication business is thriving, GeSn can be used to greatly increase information transmission capacity. This study aimed to explore the optoelectronic characteristics of GeSn/Ge quantum-well MSM photodetectors under different temperatures. This study used photolithography to produce GeSn/Ge quantum-well photodetectors with the Sn concentration of 3% and 4%. The optoelectronic characteristics such as responsivity and dark current of the photodetectors were measured under different temperatures. The dark current increased as the temperature increased. Using the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy of the component was extracted. It was found that the activation energy was much smaller than half of the band gap, meaning there were very few component internal defects. The spectrum for the responsivity measurement displayed the feature of the step shape, representing the phenomenon of quantization of energy level, through which we could extract the band gaps of heavy holes (HH) and light holes (LH).The responsivity cut-off wavelength of the component produced by this study was extended to 1700nm, covering the whole telecommunication band. The component can be used for important applications in fiber-optic communication. According to the responsivities measured under different temperatures, as the temperature went up, the redshift of the responsivity can be observed. Although the influence of temperature on band gap was not strong, temperature could still influence the component. In addition, the cut-off wavelength obtained based on responsivity was consistent with the position of the photoluminescence peak, proving that the band gap of the component could be obtained using both methods. Based on the activation energy data, the quantum-well structure was very suitable for GeSn. With this structure, the problem of too many internal defects could be solved
應用力量感測器監測滾珠導螺桿預壓力與裝配平行度;Application Of Force Sensor To Monitor Ball Screw Preload And Assembly Parallelism
No full text[[abstract]]力量的監測是執行智慧製造的重要手段，而在適當位置裝設具靈敏度及強健性的感測器以達成監測的目的更是智慧製造的關鍵。滾珠螺桿是機械設備中的基本元件。本研究以自行設計的力量感測器裝設在滾珠螺桿中的相關位置來監測滾珠螺桿在長時間使用中的剛性變化及裝設之平行度是否妥適，以展示力量感測器的設計及裝設位置在監測端可以發揮的作用及重要性。先前研究團隊開發之預壓力感測器可以成功用來監測預壓力，但使用的可靠度需要檢測。測試自行開發預壓力感測器之可靠度方面是使用垂直軸測試平台來進行滾珠螺桿的加速磨耗實驗，其中一支小螺桿是使用本研究團隊研發之低摩擦高耐磨鍍層，除了驗證預壓力感測器可靠度外，也探討高耐磨鍍層對滾珠螺桿運轉之效益。在螺桿平行度的監測上，是使用與預壓力監測相同概念的感測器，將預壓力感測器分佈在均衡的座落於螺桿的四個象限時，除了預壓力的監測也可以同時判斷螺桿裝設的平行度之變化。測試平台是線軌的調整端可以進行偏擺度的調整之平行機台。 根據本論文的結果顯示，自行設計的力量感測器與找到裝設的關鍵位置能達到不同工況需求的監測。從加速磨耗實驗結果證實，預壓力感測器量測之可靠度與訊號檢測結果具可信度，且導入的低摩擦高耐磨鍍層能確實降低滾珠螺桿因摩擦磨耗造成的預壓力損失。根據平行度實驗結果證明，因不同工況需求所改良之預壓力感測器，透過在螺桿上的關鍵位置安裝，可藉由預壓力之間的不平衡判斷出機台的不平行，成功用來檢測工作螺桿因組裝不平行造成的影響。本研究驗證自行研發預壓力感測器經過適當的調整能同時監測預壓力與平行度，並展現本研究開發之預壓力感測器，經過自行設計與找到裝設的關鍵位置具有產業應用性。關鍵字：力量感測器、滾珠螺桿、預壓力、力量監測、平行度
Monitoring of force is an important means of implementing smart manufacturing, and the installation of sensitive and robust sensors in appropriate locations for monitoring purposes is the key to smart manufacturing. Ball screw is the basic element in mechanical equipment.This research , a self-designed force sensor was installed at the relevant position in the ball screw to monitor whether the rigidity change of the ball screw during long-term use and the parallelism of the installation were appropriate, so as to demonstrate the design of the force sensor. The role and importance of the installation location at the monitoring end.The preload sensor developed by the previous research team can be successfully used to monitor the preload, but the durability and reliability of use need to be tested. To test the durability and reliability of self-developed preload sensors, an accelerated wear test was performed using a vertical shaft test platform with a small ball screw, one of the small ball screws is a low-friction, high wear-resistant coating developed by our research team. In addition to verifying the durability of the preload sensor, the benefits of the high wear-resistant coating for ball screw operation are also discussed. In the monitoring of the parallelism of the ball screw, a sensor with the same concept as the preload monitoring is used. When the preload sensors are distributed in a balanced position in the four quadrants of the screw, in addition to the monitoring of the preload, it is also possible to judge simultaneously. Changes in the degree of parallelism of the ball screw mounting. The test platform is a parallel machine that can adjust the deflection of the slave side of the linear slide.According to the results of this research, self-designed force sensors and key locations for installation can achieve monitoring of different operating conditions. From the results of accelerated wear test, it was confirmed that the durability and signal detection results measured by the preload sensor were reliable, and the low-friction high wear-resistant coating introduced could actually reduce the preload loss due to friction wear of the ball screw. According to the results of the parallelism test, it is proved that the preload sensors modified according to the requirements of different working conditions can be judged to be non-parallel by using the imbalance between the preload through installation at the key position on the screw. To detect the effect of the yaw of the work ball screw due to parallelism. This research verifies that the self-developed preload sensor can monitor preload and parallelism at the same time through appropriate adjustments, and demonstrates the preload sensor developed in this research. It is an excellent industry to design and find key locations for installation universality.Keywords: force sensor, ball screw, preload, force monitoring, parallelis
阻抗控制應用於五軸機械手臂;The application of impedance control in five joints robotic arm
No full text[[abstract]]現今科技中，機械手臂應用範圍相當廣泛，根據不同的任務目標就有不同的控制方法，但是就算方法再多，還是必須考慮其安全性。在機械手臂操作不當時，會與環境力接觸時或者是不小心的人為接觸，都會可能造成機械手臂本身硬體與操作員的損傷，因此機械手臂在一般的位置控制時還必須具備力量控制之順應能力。本研究中根據阻抗控制理論設計出讓機械手臂具有阻尼與剛性特性之阻抗控制。跟一般阻抗控制來比較，大多使用力量感測器或加速規來回授控制，在本研究僅靠編碼器來回授位置以及速度，讓機械手臂達到順應效果，安全性也提升。在本研究中所採用機械手臂為五個關節軸馬達，亦即擁有5自由度水平關節型(SCARA)的機械手臂。首先針對其構造推導出順向運動學、逆向運動學與微分運動學，模擬所設計阻抗控制法則應用在本系統上的可行性與穩定性。最後實驗上，當機械手臂在命令直線路徑與圓路徑上運動時，手持荷重元分別施力於運動中機械手臂終端器XYZ方向，利用頻譜圖來分析出輸入位置誤差與輸出的力量比較於所設計的期望目標阻抗，從研究結果來探討出其差異性不大，確實有達到順應的效果。
Robotic arms has wide range of application of modern industry. Each tasks has its own control strategy, but most of them does not concern about safety. There is always a chance to operate robotic arm incorrectly. When incorrect operation happens. Robotic arms may crash into something or someone that causing damage or injury. That is the reason compliance control is needed. In this study, impedance control is implemented. For general case, impedance control require force sensor. In this study, only position and speed information from motor encoder is used to achieve compliance control.A five joint selective compliance assembly robot arm is under study, this study focus on its forward kinematics, inverse kinematics, differential kinematics, impedance control design, numeric simulation and experiment. A circular and straight motion is designed. Data from both hand held load cell and motor encoder is compared via frequency domain analysis to validate controller design
應用強健性進給率控制與動態彈性變形補償於工具機高速高精控制技術之研發 ;Application of Robust Feedrate Control and Dynamic Elastic Compensation for High Speed and High Precision Control of Machine Tool
No full text[[abstract]]在本文中提出補償因彈性變形所造成位置誤差之方法以及具強健性之適應性切削控制器以提高工具機在位置精度與加工效率方面之性能。在提升精度方面，針對彈性變形所造成的位置誤差提出彈性變形補償插補法則。應用所提出的方法可大幅降低彈性變形效應，以提高未使用光學尺工具機之定位精度。首先建立具撓性之傳動系統動態模型，其包含底座，軸向模態，扭轉模態、伺服控制迴路以及摩擦效應以探討其動態行為。彈性變形方程式可根據所建立的動態模型進行推導得到，並透過分析完整彈性變形公式後可將公式進一步簡化成平台慣量，阻尼所產生的力造成之變形。在本文中使用具光學尺之雙軸平台進行實驗並將實驗所得之彈性變形結果與動態模型之模擬結果以及彈性變形公式進行比較後可驗證所推導彈性變形公式與動態模型之正確性。在驗證其正確性後，根據所推導之簡化彈性變形公式，提出彈性變形補償插補法則。從彈性變形補償實驗結果中可知，透過本文所提出的補償方法可大幅降低彈性變形誤差的最大值與與方均根值，進而提高定位精度。另一方面，為了提高工具機加工效率，本文透過量化回授理論設計了一個具強健性之進給率控制器。透過所提出的強健性控制器，即使在加工過程中切削條件發生變化，仍可將切削力控制在一個固定值進而提高加工效率。為了達到進給率控制以調變切削力的目的，首先針對伺服模型與切削模型進行推導與參數鑑別。並透過所推導之切削模型在不同加工條件下所產生的特性變化建立系統不確定性以設計具強健性之控制器。最後經由不同切削條件下(如不同刀具、工件材質)的實驗驗證所提出之強健性進給率控制器之性能。
To achieve high speed and high precision control for machine tools, two approaches which the elastic deformation compensation for increasing positioning accuracy and the robust feedrate adaptation for enhancing the milling efficiency are proposed to improve the performance of machine tools in this study.The first one is to develop a novel interpolation algorithm to compensate the error caused by elastic deformation which can achieve higher tracking accuracy even without the signal from the linear scale on the table. First, a dynamic model which considers flexural modes of a feed drive system, servo control loops, and friction effects simultaneously is constructed. Based on the dynamic model, the equation of elastic deformation is then derived. The equation is further simplified to form a formulation in computing the deformations which is mainly caused by inertial and viscous forces during motion. Experiments and simulations are conducted to validate both dynamic model and the simplified elastic deformation equation. Based on the simplified equation, a novel elastic deformation compensation interpolation (MEDCI) algorithm is proposed to generate the modified position commands such that the tracking errors caused by elastic deformation can be reduced. Experimental results under linear trajectories demonstrate that the proposed algorithm could reduce the maximum elastic deformation error from 0.0234 mm to 0.0064 mm and the root mean square (RMS) error from 0.0195 mm to 0.0031 mm which are 84.1% and 72.6% reduction, respectively. Furthermore, the MEDCI can achieve more than 10% reduction of the RMS elastic deformation error as compared to the compensation approach used in published literature.The second one is to utilize quantitative feedback theory (QFT) to design a robust controller with consideration of varying cutting conditions. The servo dynamics and milling process models are identified first. The effects of different milling parameters on the dynamic model are evaluated to build the system uncertainties to the nominal plant. Instead of using the force measured from dynamometer, the robust controller adjusts the feedrate according to the spindle current which is easy to measure online. Simulation and experimental results illustrate that the cutting force could maintain at a constant level under different cutting depth. The machining time can be reduced for over 20% than the uncontrolled cases. Finally, the robustness of the proposed controller is validated by applying different tool, workpiece material and cutting parameters in the experiments
獨立主軸溫升熱變形之量測及熱誤差模型之建立;Measurement of thermal deformation and temperature rise in a spindle with thermal error model
No full text[[abstract]]熱變形引起的熱誤差是影響高速精密工具機之精度最重要的關鍵之一。而在工具機的部分可區分成五大鑄件及主軸，彼此之間互相影響。本文將針對工具機主軸進行詳細的實驗及分析，其中探討溫升熱變形之間的關係為主。本研究中先是為主軸建立一套完整的實驗量測設備，最大的特色是在主軸內部增設了七個溫度量測點，主要分佈於主軸前後軸承附近。詳細了解主軸內外表面的溫度差異性，並且分析冷卻系統對它的影響也可以清楚得之。熱變形方面本論文以研究主軸刀尖點(TCP)作為主要探討對象，在扣除其他柱件效應後只討論主軸溫升及熱變形的關係。透過所建立的量測設備並在指定的加工條件下搭配不同的參數效應(轉速、室溫)以了解此主軸特性，最後數據方面利用統計的分析方法建立溫度及熱變形的關係，將實驗數據分成訓練組及測試組並試著建立主軸的熱誤差模型。關鍵字:工具機、主軸、熱誤差、冷卻系統、熱誤差模型
The thermal error caused by thermal deformation is one of the most important factors affecting the accuracy of high-speed precision machine tools. In the part of the machine tool, it can be divided into five castings and a spindle, which affect each other. In this paper, detailed experiments and analysis will be carried out on the spindle of the machine tool, in which the relationship between temperature rise and thermal deformation is mainly discussed. In this study, a complete set of experimental measuring equipment was built for the spindle. The biggest feature is that seven temperature measuring points are added inside the spindle, which are mainly distributed near the front and rear bearings of the spindle. A detailed understanding of the temperature variability of the inner and outer surfaces of the spindle and the analysis of the effect of the cooling system on it can be made clear. In terms of thermal deformation, this paper studies the tool center point (TCP) as the main object of discussion. After deducting other column effects, only the relationship between spindle temperature rise and thermal deformation is discussed. Through the established measuring equipment and different parameter effects (speed, room temperature) under the specified processing conditions to understand the spindle characteristics, the final data using statistical analysis methods to establish the relationship between temperature and thermal deformation, the experimental data Divide into the training and test groups and try to establish the thermal error model of the spindle.Keywords: machine tool, spindle, thermal error, cooling system, thermal error mode
預測冷抽碳鋼棒材中心缺陷與驗證;Numerical Prediction of Central Burst Defect in Cold Draw of Carbon Steel with Experimental Validation
No full text[[abstract]]冷間抽製加工技術已發展多年，從早期從銅、鉛材料的線材抽製逐漸發展至棒材，直徑由數公釐至數公分，材質使用上也逐漸提高剛性及強度，鋁合金、碳鋼及鉻鉬鋼等均是目前工業使用上常見的材質，外型輪廓也由簡易的圓棒發展為方棒、多邊棒，近幾年來工業界也能夠運用冷抽生產異形棒材用於線軌、滑塊與結構鋼材等。雖然冷抽製程已發展數十年，不過於工業生產上還是會發生中心缺陷，由於中心缺陷相較於堆積、表面刮除等，不易由外觀觀察而知，且會大幅降低成品強度，因此中心缺陷的研究探討至今也還持續進行。 中心缺陷的探討已經非常有歷史，卻較少有研究將有限元素法之結果與早期的材料流動、速度場分析做探討與整合，隨著電算機的快速發展，有限元素法在近幾年來成為數值模型的主流解析方法，搭配破壞準則以及元素移除或是元素分離法得以將中心缺陷於數值模型上可視化。 本研究將使用有限元素軟體配合Oyane破壞準則、元素移除法將中心缺陷發生時元素的速度分佈做探討，並且配合實驗結果來修正破壞準則中參數，用以預測不同製程條件下的破壞情況。
Cold drawing process has been developed for many years. For the early stage, as the development of wire drawing for copper and lead, the size of workpoeces increase, which is from millimeter to centimeters in diameter. The materials evolved in cold drawing also demanding hight rigidity and strength. It’s common that aluminum, carbon steel and Cr-Mo steel are used in industry. The profile of the workpiece has also evolved from a simple round to a square and a polygonal. In recent years, industry also produces special shaped bars for use in linear guideway, sliders and structural steels. Although Cold drawing process has been developed for decades, central burst defects has been still a problem in industrial production. Comparing with accumulation and the surface scraping, the central burst defects are hardly observed from the appearance. The strength of the product is significantly reduce when central burst defects occur. Therefore, the central burst defect is still a research topic to this day. Studing about central burst defects has been very historic. Few studies have explored the discussion and integration of finite element methods with material flow and field of velocity analysis. With the rapid development of computer, the finite element method has become the mainstream analytical method of numerical models in recent years. With the fracture criterion and method of element removal or element separating, the central burst defects can be visualized through the numerical model. This research will use the finite element software with Oyane fracture criterion and element removal method to explore the velocity distribution of the element when the central burst defects occur. Cold drawing experiments where also conducted to provide the numerical tool a guide value to modify results are used to revise the parameters in the fracture criterion to predict the damage under different process conditions
經濟發展對中國民主化之影響;The Impact of Economic Developments to The Democratization of China
No full text[[abstract]]1980年代前期的台灣與1953年到1996年的南韓，兩者皆是在經濟快速成長的背景下歷經民主化的過程，並逐步成為了民主國家。這樣的現象不僅出現在亞洲，民主化浪潮下的東歐、非洲等地也有諸多類似的案例。因而，經濟與民主是否存在相關性或如何交互影響的過程成為學界爭論不斷的課題。然而，中國顯然是個「例外」，自1978年經濟改革之後，雖然在2010年正式超越日本，成為世界第二大的經濟體，但中國非但稱不上是民主國家，反而更加集權，讓學界跌破眼鏡。過去文獻指出，經濟增長快速致使民主化的肇因是，社會裡大量的中產階級希望獲取利益，並且希望政府不要干涉其獲取利益的途徑，由於自利想法不斷擴大，要求民主政治的聲音因此誕生。端看中國在一系列的經濟計畫實踐中，社會亦曾發生大規模要求民主的「六四天安門」事件，政府也開始在中國境內實施民主試驗的相關政策，不禁讓人疑惑，中國是否正在民主化的道路上？本文指出中國並沒有因為經濟成長而出現民主化現象，「六四天安門」是一大關鍵，加上後續第三波民主化浪潮以及蘇聯解體等事件，都提醒著中共政府，必須更加謹慎地思考如何維持經濟崛起後的社會穩定，其應對方法是，推出所謂「具有中國特色的民主政策」，用以維持社會的穩定和合理化中共的威權體制，並滿足工農階級的民主要求，同時拉攏中產階級與知識份子，藉此防範任何出現中國民主化現象的可能性，即使後續出現零星的民主化事件也不足為懼，只須以高壓手段壓制少數異議人士。
In case of Taiwan in early 1980s and South Korea from 1953 to 1996, both are generally altered to democratic countries under circumstance of rapid growth of economy. This sort of phenomena appeared not only in Asia, but also in East Europe in democracy waves and Africa. Therefore, it becomes severe issue among scholars that if there is relation between economy and democracy or the process of how they affect each other. However, it is obviously that China is an “exception”. In spite of being second largest economy system overpassing Japan in 2010 by economy reformation since 1978, China is not a democracy country and otherwise more authoritarian, which strongly surprised scholars.The papers in the past shows that the reason of democratizing caused by rapid growth of economy is that there is a great part of middle class in the society who wish to obtain the advantages and keep governments from this obtaining process. The voice of democratic politics was born under the growing of selfishness. In the process of implanting economic project, there happened the massive democratic asking which is known as Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, which resulted in the democratic experiment strategy inside China. There exists a doubt that if China do stay on the way of democratizing.This paper points out that the crucial reason why China is lack of democratizing after economic growth is the Tiananmen Square protests. Furthermore, events like the third wave of democratizing and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union reminds China government that one should consider cautiously about how to maintain the social stability after economic growth. The correspondent solution is to announce the “Chinese democratic policy”, which aims to maintain social stability and rationalize China authoritarian system. Meanwhile, upon satisfying the democracy asking from working class, it prevents any possibility of Chinese democratizing protests. The high pressure method is efficiently applied on few dissidents to suppress even there are democracy protests appear afterward
「中央化」的詮釋、實踐與挑戰： 以蔣中正對四川的處置為例（1927-1949）;The Interpretation, Practice, and Challenge of “Centralization”:Take Chiang Kai-shek’s Management of Sichuan Province for Example(1927-1949)
No full text[[abstract]] 國府定都南京後，統治基礎並不穩固，常面臨地方實力派對中央的挑戰。這對國府領導人蔣中正而言，如何有效的進行「中央化」，加強中央集權，深化對地方的控制，這是其念茲在茲的嚴肅課題。從北伐結束到中原大戰期間，蔣對中央化的作為主要是以武力統一的方式來進行。在中原大戰之後，蔣體認到民心厭亂，對於中央化的進程已有不一樣的思考，蔣認為目前的重點應先促進政治的改革，藉由召開國民大會和制訂約法的形式，開啟民主政治的端倪，促進和平統一。 蔣中正在推動四川「中央化」的相關作為，是有一轉變的過程。初期蔣對四川的態度是以「羈縻」為主，其維持四川的具體作為是二劉（劉湘、劉文輝）名義上分掌軍政大權。但二劉都不滿足於現狀，企圖獨佔四川，二人終究不免一戰。戰事初起，蔣對二劉採「積極勸和」的態度。不過在中央無力制止的情況之下，蔣只能對川戰保持「冷靜待變」。最後二劉之戰由劉湘取得勝利，劉文輝退往西康。四川暫時結束了各軍爭戰的局面，四川正式進入了劉湘主導的時代。 劉湘雖主導川局，但其因剿共大敗，不得不同意國府派遣參謀團入川協助剿共。蔣中正更於1935年親自入川督察剿共並視察川政，在川停留期間，蔣的作為計有協調各軍剿共、規劃公路建設、要求各軍裁兵、整理四川財政、興辦峨嵋訓練團、建設四川為抗戰根據地等重要措施，為四川中央化奠下良好的基礎。但中央勢力入川後，和劉湘產生了許多的磨擦。兩廣事變、西安事變的發生，可見劉湘對抗中央的行動愈發明顯。蔣在幾經思考後決定以「政治」手段解決川局，由何應欽主持四川整軍工作。不過在會議召開期間，七七事變突然發生，何應欽匆匆結束會議返回南京，四川整軍工作並未落實。 抗戰爆發，四川軍人積極支援中央抗日。1938年1月，劉湘病逝漢口。蔣為了徹底解決四川地方勢力，決意起用張?繼任四川省政府主席，但張?的人事命令發表後，卻招致四川軍人的反彈。蔣只能改弦易轍，調鄧錫侯出任川康綏靖主任，王纘緒出任省主席。1939年四川又爆發7師長反王（纘緒）風潮，蔣在協調不成的情況下，決定親兼四川省主席。之後在蔣的佈置規畫之下，四川各派軍人終能接受張?接任省主席，這代表著四川的中央化更進一步。 蔣在抗戰後期處置四川軍政以「懷柔」為方針，希望地方軍人感念中央的善意，心向中央。實際上川軍仍然派系分明，鄧錫侯、潘文華、劉文輝三人各據山頭，與國府保持時而合作、時而對抗的關係。國府在川八年的消極作為，已使四川的「中央化」陷入困局。抗戰結束之後，國府進行整軍工作並成立重慶行營，以張?為行營主任，其工作統籌西南軍政為主，其次才是規劃西南的建設，但因國共內戰愈演愈烈，對四川的建設是心有餘而力不足。 1949年初，國共戰局逆轉，蔣中正不得不宣布下野，下野前蔣任命張?為重慶綏靖公署主任。張?剛上任，四川就傳出其與楊森、王陵基不和的傳言，加上劉文輝、鄧錫侯、潘文華正在串連反對省主席王陵基，四川局勢顯得詭譎多變。4月，共軍大舉渡江，國府成立西南軍政長官公署，以張?為軍政長官，統籌西南的防務。之後蔣中正此時忙著處理與李宗仁的政爭和台灣軍政的各項準備，對於四川的政治亂象無暇顧及，只能坐視情況的惡化。在共軍即將進攻西南之時，蔣中正在1949年下半年兩度入川，其首要工作是調解川局內部糾紛，但蔣的柔性勸導收不到什麼效果，共軍只花了一個多月就「解放」四川。國府對四川實力派的內鬥束手無策，最後只能眼睜睜看著軍事的失敗，這代表四川「中央化」政策有許多值得檢討的地方。 蔣中正在四川所進行的「中共化」是把重點放在軍隊的整頓上。中央對川軍的三次整編是交由各地方將領自行負責，中央僅作事後的查證，如此整軍的效果令人懷疑。蔣對川軍將領採取較為放任的態度，讓其有機會保存實力，這導致了部份四川軍人在國共內戰中倒向中共。對國府而言，川軍「中央化」最為成功的是王陵基、孫震與唐式遵等將領，他們的共通點為對日抗戰時奉派出川作戰，受到民族主義、國家觀念的直接洗禮，因此在國共內戰後多能效忠國府。由此可知，國家要能成功的推動軍事「中央化」，需將地方軍隊調離本省，使其脫離與舊有勢力的連結，如此中央化政策才能收事半功倍之效。
After the Nation Government established a capital in Nanjing, its ruling was not stable and often faced the challenges from local warlords. Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of the Nationalist government, was deeply concerned about the serious issues of how to effectively practice and strengthen the “centralization” and to enhance the control of the local governments. Between the end of the Northern Expedition and the Central Plains War, Chiang tried to centralize mainly by military force. After the Central Plains War, Chiang, who had realized that people were tired of turmoil, had a different idea about the process of centralization. He thought that the priority was to promote the political reform, to start democracy, and to promote the peaceful unification through the holding of the National Assembly and the formulating of the Provisional Constitution. Chiang’s practice of “centralization” in Sichuan Province went through some adjustments. At first, Chiang treated Sichuan Province with the idea of the Jimi system. The concrete practice was to nominally allow Liu Xiang and Liu Wen-hui to control the military power separately. But neither of them were satisfied with the situation at that time. Both of them tried to dominate Sichuan Province alone, and the war between them was inevitable. At the beginning of the war, Chiang aggressively tried to negotiate peace between the two Liu’s. But the central government was not powerful enough to stop the war, and Chiang could just wait for the outcome. Finally, Liu Xiang won the victory, and Liu Wen-hui went back to Sikang. The war in Sichuan temporarily came to an end. Sichuan was officially dominated by Liu-Xiang. Although Liu Xiang dominated the situation in Sichuan, he suffered from major failure in the communist suppression. He couldn’t help but agree the Nationalist government to send a military staff committee to Sichuan to help the communist suppression. In 1935, Chiang even went to Sichuan in person to inspect the communist suppression and the administration of the Sichuan government. During Chiang’s stay in Sichuan, he coordinated the armies to suppress the communists, planned the road construction, asked the armies to downsize, whipped the finance into shape, held E-Mei Officers Training Regiment, and constructed Sichuan as the base for the war against Japan. These important measures set up good foundations for the centralization of Sichuan. But after the central power reached Sichuan, there was much friction between the central government and Liu Xiang. The Guangdong-Guangxi Incident and the Xian Incident made it clear that Liu Xiang was trying to fight against the central government. After considering thoroughly, Chiang decided to resolve the problem in Sichuan with political measures and asked Ho Ying-chin to consolidate the armies in Sichuan. During the meeting, the Lugou Bridge Incident happened suddenly, and Ho Ying-Chin ended the meeting in a rush and went back to Nanjing. The reorganization of the armies in Sichuan was not put into effect. After the war against Japan erupted, the armies in Sichuan aggressively supported the central government to fight against Japan. In January, 1938, Liu Xiang died of disease in Hankou. To thoroughly eradicate the local power in Sichuan, Chiang was determined to appoint Chang Chun to succeed the provincial chairman of Sichuan. However, the appointment led to the objection from the Sichuan armies. Chiang couldn’t help but change his decision. He appointed Deng Xi-hou as the pacification commissioner at Sichuan and Sikan and Wang Zuan-xu as the provincial chairman. In 1939, 7 divisional commanders stood out against Wang Zuan-xu in Sichuan. Chiang failed to coordinate and decided to be the provincial chairman of Sichuan himself. Afterwards, because of Chiang’s plan and arrangement, the armies in Sichuan finally accepted Chang Chun as the provincial chairman. This represented the advance of the centralization in Sichuan. Toward the end of the war against Japan, Chiang implemented kid-gloves policy for Sichuan armies in the hope that the local armies would understood that the central government was trying to be kind to them and then be loyal to the central government. In fact, the split was still evident in the line-up for Sichuan armies. Deng Xi-hou, Pan Wen-hua, and Liu Wen-hua had their own territory. Sometimes they cooperated with the Nationalist government, and at other times they fight against it. The Nationalist government’s passive act in Sichuan during the eight years put the “centralization” of Sichuan in a tight pot. After the war against Japan ended, the Nationalist government reorganized the armies and set up the Field Headquarters in Chongqing. Chang Chun was appointed the commissioner, whose job was to coordinate the armies in Southwest China firstly and to plan the construction secondly. But The Chinese Civil War was getting more and more intensely. The construction in Sichuan was out of the government’s depth. In the beginning of the year 1949, the situation of the Chinese Civil War was reversed, and Chiang was forced to resign. Before Chiang resigned, he appointed Chang Chun as the pacification commissioner at Chongqing. Shortly after Chang Chun was inaugurated, Rumor had it in Sichuan that he couldn’t get along with Yang Sen and Wang Ling-chi. Moreover, Liu Wen-hui, Deng Xi-hou, and Pan Wen-hua were linking up against provincial chairman Wang Ling-Chi. The situation in Sichuan seemed volatile. In April, massive communist troops crossed the Yanzi River, and the Nationalist government set up the Southeast Military and Political Executive Office, which coordinated the defensive affairs in southwest China, and Chang Chun was appointed the executive officer. Afterwards, Chiang Kai-shek was busy dealing with the political struggle with Li Tsung-jen and preparing for Taiwan’s military affairs. Chiang was not able to stop the political chaos and could just sit by. Shortly before the Communist army attacked Southwest China, Chiang went to Sichuan twice in the second half of the year 1949 with the priority of settling the disputes there. But Chiang’s flexible persuasion was in vain. The communist army “liberated” Sichuan in less than 2 months. The Nationalist government was at its wit’s end with the political infighting among the establishment figures in Sichuan and helplessly waited for the failure of the military action. This meant that the “centralization” policy in Sichuan needed revising. The “centralization” promoted by Chiang in Sichuan focused on consolidating the armies. The three-time consolidations were conducted by local military generals. The central government did nothing more than inspecting afterwards. The effect of it was dubious. Chiang gave more freedom to the generals in Sichuan, so they had the chance to keep their power. Therefore, some of the armies chose to stand on the communists’ side during the Chinese Civil War. To the Nationalist government, the most “centralized” armies in Sichuan were the generals Wang Ling-chi, Sun Zhen, Tang Shizun, etc. All of them were assigned to fight in Sichuan during the war against Japan, and they were all convinced of nationalism. Therefore, they could be loyal to the Nationalist government in the Chinese Civil War. Judging from this, to achieve military “centralization” successfully in the nation, the local troops had to be moved to other provinces and their ties with the original local power should be cut. Only by doing so would the “centralization” policy work effectively