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農民健康保險爭議審議制度之研究;
[[abstract]]中文摘要為維護農民健康及增進農民福利,並促進農村安定,我國於民國78年7月1日施行農民健康保險制度,參加該保險之農民享有生育給付、殘障給付及喪葬津貼等社會保障權利,該制度落實憲法揭示改善農民之生活,增進其生產技能以及社會國家原則。然而任何制度之施行,難免產生適用法律或其他方面之疑義,農民健康保險亦不例外。就農民健康保險所涉行政救濟而言,對於保險人即勞工保險局核定農保被保險人資格及投保事項等,如有不服係向內政部下設之監理委員會申請爭議審議,對審議之結果若仍有不服,須經訴願後,始得提起行政訴訟。司法實務對於爭議審議定性為訴願先行程序,是有關紛爭之救濟,至少須經過爭議審議、訴願、行政訴訟等程序。觀諸農民健康保險條例並無規定對於爭議審議結果不服,應經訴願程序,始得提起行政訴訟,此增加法律所無之規定,並制限農民尋求司法救濟之機會,實質上增加了救濟程序之層級。本文首先探討農民健康保險發展沿革及其法律關係。其次,就訴願先行程序在農民健康保險之具體規範及運作與成效,並分析比較我國社會保險爭議審議程序。再就爭議審議制度之組織型態、專業性、經濟性,及簡化?政救濟程序等面向觀察,進而思考如何使農民獲得及時有效之權利救濟。最後,提出個人意見,期能有助於改善農民健康保險爭議審議制度。關鍵字:農民健康保險、爭議審議、訴願、訴願先行程序、行政自我審
醫療與健康資料加值應用之法律規範--以電子病歷交換為核心;
[[abstract]]近年來開放政府資料在全球蔚為風潮,逐漸形成大數據的概念。由於資訊科技產業的蓬勃發展,影響經濟甚巨,各先進國家紛紛推動跨國資訊整合計畫與相關政策。本研究的範圍以醫療法上關於病歷之規範為出發點,逐步擴及資訊科技導入醫療體系後的電子病歷和醫療雲端系統,以及電子病歷交換後所建置完成之全民健保資料庫的規範與執行。本研究主要是探討醫療與健康資料加值應用概念下以醫療雲端電子病歷交換為核心,檢視我國在全民健保制度下電子病歷發展的相關歷程,同時比較世界其他先進國家的相關法律規範,並就電子病歷交換時所涉及之病人隱私權與敏感性資料等相關議題做進一步分析,進而探討在大數據概念下之健康資訊加值應用模式之準則與規範,並參照先進國家的相關立法例,以期能對未來制度規範與實務運作上提供建議。從開放政府資料與大數據衍生而來的醫療與健康資料加值應用,配合醫療雲端的資訊與衛生政策,就必須透過電子病歷的揭露與交換,顯然對既有的醫療隱私人格權產生重大的衝擊。如果沒有完備的法律規範,日後難免引起諸多爭議,為防範未然以減少紛擾應對相關議題做通盤檢視與規劃,盡早做立法準備與討論,這是本研究最主要的目的。在現行相關法律架構下,電子紀錄的管理與保護是否安全可靠,在尚有疑慮的情形下,如何克服管理與技術上的障礙,以兼顧保障當事人權益以及善用新科技便利性,遂成為今日健康資訊科技應用的主要衝擊與挑戰。為創造一個安全、可信任的電子病歷使用環境,未來應朝向健全的電子病歷管理制度,以及強化資訊安全與當事人隱私權保護的方向發展,以實現資訊科技帶來的利益,滿足人類醫療與照護的需求。本文參照國外相關的經驗,並就台灣目現行的法律規範與未來發展趨勢,提出以下六點結論: 建議制定醫療隱私保護專法、提高民眾的醫療隱私資訊保護意識、建構資訊安全管?制?、資訊財產權體系的建立、強化告知後同意的法律機制和建議嚴格推動去識別化之法律規範
預警原則的應用:規範製造基因改造食品的跨國公司;
[[abstract]]本文「預警原則的應用:規範製造基因改造食品的跨國公司」的主要目的在於建立一個國際非政府組織, 以該非政府組織作為國際間預警原則的實施者,來規範、監督基因改造食品生產鏈中的跨國公司。本文主要分為三大部分,第一部分主要為基因改造食品的介紹、國際間有關基因改造品的條約以及這些條約之間所產生的灰色地帶 — 跨國公司。另外,基因改造食品在帶來方便的同時,其背後一直存在的隱憂也會仔細的討論。在使用基因改造食品的同時,為了保護人們受到這些隱憂的侵害,則需要找到能夠更有效且直接的方式來規範並監督這些跨國公司的行為。第二部分會詳細說明預警原則,包含預警原則的發展、在國際上的地位以及預警原則如何被應用在實際的狀況上。預警原則近年來逐漸受到國際社會的重視,越來越多的國際條約中提及預警原則,尤其對於有許多科學不確定性的議題。其中,基因改造食品就是一個具有代表性的議題,因為它所可能產生的負面影響,在科學上仍然無法完全被確定。雖然預警原則已經越來越受重視,但是實際上要如何應用,尚未發展出明確且一致的應用方式與程序。最後一個部分會以現在國際間已經存在的政府組織Biosafety Clearing-House、Codex Alimentarius以及關注基因改造食品的非政府組織為參考,嘗試建立一個國際非政府組織,並以預警原則為指導原則來規範並監督基因改造食品生產鏈上的跨國公司。
The main purpose of this article is to establish an international non-government organization which acts as the practitioner of precautionary principle to manage and monitor the multinational corporations in the GM foods production chain. There are three main parts in the article. Frist part is to introduce GMOs and GM foods, the international and regional treaties related to GMOs and GM foods and the grey areas among these treaties - multinational corporations. Secondly, the article will introduce precautionary principle in detail, including developing history, status in the international society and how precautionary principle be applied. Finally, the article will take the international inter-governmental organization, Biosafety Clearing-House and Codex Alimentarius, as well as others international non-government organizations which concern about GMOs and GM foods issues as references to establish an international non-government organization. At the meanwhile, precautionary principle will become the central concept and principle for this international non-government organization to manage and monitor the monitor the multinational corporations in the GM foods production chain
海運履約人制度之研究-以鹿特丹規則為中心;
[[abstract]]履行輔助人的責任,自1954年喜馬拉雅號輪船開始漸受重視,為填補1924年海牙規則對履行輔助人規範的空白,海運實務發展所謂「喜馬拉雅條款」以因應。1968年威斯比規則,首次將喜馬拉雅條款明文於規範內,1978年漢堡規則擴大喜馬拉雅條款適用範圍,同時提出「實際運送人」概念,賦予其法律地位、法律責任,與運送人並列為責任主體。於2008年12月11日經聯合國第63屆大會第67次會議審議通過的鹿特丹規則,依循此漢堡規則的趨勢,以實際運送人為基礎,採更總括性的界定方式,將漢堡規則下之實際運送人及其他參與運送之履行輔助人如傳統上歸類為獨立契約人之港區裝卸業者、港區倉儲業者等,明確納入鹿特丹規則的調整範圍內,建立海運履約人的概念,海運履約人一方面承擔鹿特丹規則中運送人之義務及賠償責任,另一方面享有運送人之抗辯及賠償責任限制。對於海運履約人的規範,本文擬從海運履約人制度建構之立法過程作介紹,再針對其權利義務和責任予以探究,了解與釐清其規範思維。其次,透過我國海商法對於海運履約人之規範,進行研究與分析,歸納並檢討我國對履行輔助人規範之缺失,激盪我國對於此議題產生新思維,進而藉以作為我國未來修法之借鏡,並期許能仿效海運履約人制度模式,明確履行輔助人之角色地位與權利義務,使履行輔助人的規範更加完善
網路關鍵字使用之商標侵權疑義─以美國法為主;
[[abstract]]由於近年來科技發展迅速,電子商務之使用漸趨頻繁,各種網路行銷手法層出不窮,網路賣家或網路平台業者利用他人之商標行銷其商品、服務等,或藉由關鍵字廣告方式替其平台營利。使網路消費者搜尋特定關鍵字時,個別之行銷廣告便以不同方式顯示於其螢幕,該廣告常為商標權人競爭對手之網站連結,廣告,或銷售頁面。此行為是否侵害該商標權人之商標權,則有所爭議。 對於網路關鍵字使用,美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院曾適用初始興趣混淆原則並認定該行為構成商標侵權,但近期則傾向同意有限制之使用。但在聯邦最高法院尚未對此種類型之案件明確表示看法前,僅能依據各聯邦巡迴上訴法院之判決,觀察法院意見之動向。 以我國法院判決觀之,鑽石理財中心以及幸福空間一案,法院均認為廣告主購買原告之商標,或搜尋引擎平台業者陳列、促銷、販賣、鼓勵他人購買原告所有之商標,其行為乃單純之電腦內部使用,並非商標使用,而不構成商標侵權。因國內相關案件之判決仍屬少數,有論者認為適用現行商標法,即可將不同使用類型予以區別,亦有認為可藉由其他法律制度與以解決。 本文則以為此爭議之解決,似可由行政機關訂立相關處理準則。將不同之使用類型分類規範。未來判斷相關個案,該相關準則即得為當事人,行政機關及法院判斷之依據。本文亦以為,商標制度僅賦予商標權人有限制之權利。電子商務領域內,除商標權人,網路平台業者,廣告主外,消費者亦扮演重要之角色。如何兼顧網路市場參與者權利義務關係,屬商標制度在網路新興領域中所必須衡量之課題,商標法所建立之標準,亦必須隨著科技之日新月異而與之俱進,方可使商標制度因應社會之變遷。
As the rapid development of science and technology in recent years, using e-commerce has become increasingly frequent. A variety of online marketing techniques emerge in an endless stream. Many online businesses use other people's trademark to marketing their goods, services, etc., or to profit by keyword advertising scheme. When users search for a specific keyword, ads are displayed on their screen in different ways, while many of them are not sponsored by trademark owner. Whether this act infringing the trademark right is under discussion. For using keywords, some of the US Federal Court of Appeals Circuits applied the initial interest confusion doctrine and found someone liable for trademark infringement. But the Federal Circuits is likely to agree to a limited use now. But before the Federal Supreme Court expresses its views on this type of cases, we’d better observe the US Federal Circuits’ decisions to forecast judicial opinions. Our courts regard this type of use as “Computer internal use” rather than trademark use. So that the act does not constitute trademark infringement. Some authors indicate that it could distinguish different types of use by the application of the trademark law, others try to resolve it by using other legal systems. In my opinion, the executive authorities should have rules to regulate such cases. Besides, trademark owner just have limited right by trademark law. In the field of e-commerce, consumers play an important role. Balancing the rights and obligations of the participants in Internet market is an important object. Modifying Trademark law in response to the ever-changing technology and social changes is necessary
租稅法上義務之行政執行與權利救濟-以行政執行法第18條擔保書之執行為例;
[[abstract]]依行政執行法第18條規定而開展之擔保書行政強制執行案件於我國租稅強制執行實務中極為常見,我國實務乃認為此種強制執行程序乃係行政執行法第11條「依法令」之執行名義類型,然法律之制定應具備有一般抽象之特徵而得普遍地適用在多數案件類型中,僅僅係因法律之規定而使得人民產生確定地負有特定之公法上金錢給付義務,殊難想像。再者,我國行政執行法修正小組及法務部最新行政執行法修正草案中,均已將「依法令」此種執行名義之類型刪除,則於法規修正後擔保書行政強制執行案件應係屬於何種執行名義類型,將對實務歷來之解釋及運作產生相當程度之衝擊。然若自擔保書之法律性質觀察,似可認為擔保書係屬行政程序法第148條第1項約定自願接受執行之行政契約而得以之作為執行名義,且此一解釋將可解決行政執行法第11條修正刪除「依法令」後擔保書行政強制執行案件之解釋適用問題。 而於擔保書行政強制執行程序開展後,於實務上可能因行政執行程序之執行方法、執行名義是否有效存在以及是否有消滅或妨礙執行名義所示義務之事由而有聲明異議、確認公法上法律關係不存在及債務人異議之訴等救濟途徑可供受執行人為權利救濟,其中聲明異議係為提高行政效率而特別設置之簡易制度,並不就執行名義內容作實體層面之審查;而確認公法上法律關係不存在之訴係針對債務人實際上不應負有公法上金錢給付義務,或據為執行之執行名義於作成有瑕疵時所為之救濟方式;債務人異議之訴則是針對執行時實體法上權利存在不一致而有不宜執行之情形時所採取之救濟途徑。是以,於擔保書行政強制執行案件中,各救濟制度雖均可對執行程序造成一定程度之影響,然人民若能明確地區辨各救濟制度之作用目的與適用要件,將可有效提升權利救濟之實效性
滾珠螺桿進給系統預壓力監測技術之研發;Developments of Preload Monitoring Techniques of Ball Screw Feed Drive Systems
[[abstract]]本研究主要發展了兩項針對滾珠螺桿進給系統的預壓力監測技術,第一項為滾珠螺桿的預壓力監測及其剩餘壽命預估之技術;而第二項則為一針對線性滑軌型滾珠軸承的預壓力監測技術。在滾珠螺桿的預壓力監測方面,本研究提出一種基於自組織映射圖的自動監測預壓力衰退之方法,透過於螺桿上安裝一加速規並量測其振動訊號,經馮卡曼濾波階次追蹤法處理後可得其階次譜,再由本研究所提出之階次譜量化方法將實際球通階次、球通振動量、球通振動變異數及階次譜分散度等四項可有效反映預壓變化之指標抽取出,爾後再透過自組織映射圖進行訓練並計算其最小量化誤差值,進一步可計算得滾珠螺桿之健康值,並依此進行預壓力衰退監測。相關測試實驗結果顯示此法可有效監測預壓力衰退情形,並依本研究所提出之剩餘壽命預估方法進行螺桿剩餘壽命預估。而在線性滑軌型滾珠軸承的預壓力監測方面,本研究提出一種可自動監測預壓力衰退之方法。經由有限元素分析模擬得知,當預壓力衰退時進給系統之工作載台的偏擺模態自然頻率之改變量將會正比於預壓力的改變量。透過於工作載台上安裝三個呈直線排列之加速規,以進給系統之驅動馬達施加一激振力於工作載台並以該加速規量測振動訊號,爾後應用操作模態分析搭配模態保證準則鑑別得該工作載台之偏擺模態及其對應之自然頻率,並根據追蹤該自然頻率之變化量以間接偵測線性滑軌型滾珠軸承的預壓力是否衰退。
Two preload monitoring techniques for ball screw feed drive systems have been developed in this study. The first focuses on the preload monitoring of ball screw and the estimation of the ball screw remaining useful life (RUL). The second is the preload monitoring aiming for linear guideway type (LGT) ball bearings. A novel method in monitoring automatically the preload degradation for a ball screw feed drive system based on self-organizing map (SOM) is presented and its performance is experimentally assessed. Four features from an vibration order spectrum, the actual ball pass order (ABPO), the vibration RMS amplitude at ABPO, the variance of vibration at ABPO and the dispersion of order spectra are proposed to quantify the difference in characteristics between ball screws with and without preloads. By simply attaching an accelerometer on the ball screw nut of a ball screw feed drive system in operation, these four parameters are calculated by using Angular Velocity Vold-Kalman Filtering Order Tracking (AV VKF-OT). With these four parameters, the prediction accuracy in monitoring the ball screw preload degradation is much improved and can be realized practically. Moreover, an algorithm for estimating RUL of ball screw is proposed and then validated through a run-to-failure test which simulates the practical applications. In the second part, a novel method for automatically monitoring the preload degradation of LGT recirculating linear ball bearings is proposed. Simulations and experiments both revealed that the reduction in the natural frequency corresponding to the yawing mode of the worktable is sensitive to and varied linearly with the degradation of the LGT linear bearing preload. By attaching three accelerometers to the worktable of a machine tool and then exciting the worktable with a pulse from the servo motor of a feed drive, this study identified the natural frequencies of the worktable and their corresponding mode shapes by using operational modal analysis (OMA). Among all the natural frequencies obtained by OMA, the natural frequency corresponding to the specific yawing mode of the worktable was extracted using the modal assurance criteria, and the change in the extracted frequency was tracked; thus, the degradation of LGT linear bearing preload could be monitored automatically without exciting the worktable manually
以全圖案模仁直接壓印退火金薄膜製作微奈米光柵之成型性分析;
[[abstract]]為了製作液晶螢幕顯示器背光模組中具偏振功能的複合線光柵偏振片(Composite Wire Grid Polarizer),利用直接金屬奈米壓印製程取代半導體產業普遍使用的黃光微影製程製備金屬光柵,再將金屬光柵圖案嵌入透明高分子基材中,達到製作偏振片之目的,可降低製作成本與提高產量。故金屬光柵的成型性為直接金屬奈米壓印製程最關鍵之因素,截至目前直接金屬奈米壓印結果,皆發現光柵邊緣成型性較中央佳,成型高度內外不均勻的現象,所以本研究繼續尋求光柵成型不均勻的原因,並尋求最佳壓印參數及條件。 本研究以電子束微影製作柵狀線寬結構的全圖案矽模仁,300nm、週期600nm之柵狀圖案,深度為200nm。在矽基板上鍍著抗沾黏層與300nm的金薄膜,並且做退火軟化處理,改善金薄膜的壓印特性,增加材料的延性,提高金光柵之成型,以壓印負荷3200 kg,在120℃下進行直接金屬奈米壓印,發現經由退火軟化後的金光柵成型範圍明顯增加,證明退火軟化的金薄膜有助於金光柵的成型。為了探討有無退火的兩批金薄膜對光柵成型的影響,利用SIMUFACT有限元素模擬軟體,以實驗的邊界條件作為基礎,建立直接金屬奈米壓印模型,並將奈米壓痕實驗曲線做為基礎建立退火金薄膜的流應力曲線,以此比較原始金薄膜與退火金薄膜在壓印過程中,兩者受力情形與材料流動對光柵成型的影響,發現位於模齒正下方靠近矽基板處的材料,會形成不易流動的區域,而該區域為影響光柵成型的原因,因退火金薄膜在該區能夠流動的材料比原始金薄膜多,故填入模穴成型的材料就越多,故退火金薄膜的成型性會較佳。
In order to fabricate composite wire grid polarizers (WPG) for polarization of liquid crystal display (LCD) we adopted the direct metal nanoimprint technique, which might replace photolithography, to fabricate metal grating in submicron scale. To allow a direct nanoimprint having good fidality, the metal grating formability is the most important factor in the direct metal nanoimprint processing. Previous results showed that the formability was better in the periphery of the grating than in the center. To deal with the non-uniform imprint result, we try to find a feasible approach to improve the process.In this study, the silicon molds with full patterned grating structure are made by E-beam lithography and dry etching with a width of 300 nm and a spacing of 600 nm and height of 200 nm. Gold thin film was used as imprint material for the grating pattern. The silicon substrates are covered with an anti-sticking layer prior to the evaporation of 300 nm-thick-gold thin film. To facilitate an easier flow and thus a better formability of the gold film during imprint, some films were annealed after evaporation deposition for comparison . The direct nanoimprint was conducted with a load of 3200 kg at 120℃. The successful experimental results reveal better formability of the annealed gold films.To analyze the formability of as-received and annealed gold films, commercial software SIMUFACT based on the finite element method was applied to simulate the metal flow process during imprint. The flow stress curves of the as-received and of the annealed Au film were obtained from the nanoindentation curves. Comparing the results between as-received Au film and annealed one, we found an interesting factor that may influence the formability. The material immediately beneath the mold teeth and adjacent to the substrate formed an area similar to a dead zone.Since annealed gold film was easier to fill the mold cavity than the as-received one, the formability during direct metal imprint was improved
蝸桿式砂輪齒形修整方法之研究;Tooth Flank Corrective Method for the Rinding Worm on a Generating Gear Grinder
[[abstract]]目前齒輪加工在製造精度要求越來越高的趨勢下,本研究使用的創成式磨齒機台建立模擬磨齒機修砂加工,將機台簡化成多體運動學模型,且建立相鄰體間在安裝時出現的裝配誤差和加工運動時的同動誤差,透過敏感度分析法(Sensitivity Analysis),與模擬加工件齒面拓撲誤差圖,探討齒輪磨齒機修砂系統的各軸裝配設定誤差對於工件齒面的影響,將各軸誤差影響量建立成敏感度矩陣,利用奇異值分解(Singular value decomposition)分析敏感度,矩陣找出機台誤差之主要特徵及每個特徵對應出誤差系統模型中之線性組合,簡化敏感度矩陣,得知新的敏感度矩陣,將其敏感度矩陣以偽逆矩陣(Pseudo-inverse)求出機台之結構誤差係數,再以控制器上的電子齒輪箱(Electronic Gear Box EGB )的動態輔助修正功能為基礎,加入主從軸同動函數(Curve Table)補償路徑誤差。期望可以藉此方法降低由機台結構誤差所產生的齒面加工誤差,並且將此修正關係式存於機台內部,用以提高每次的工件加工精度。
In modern industrial development, the demand of gear precision is higher and higher. In this study, we simplify the generating gear grinding machine into a multi-body kinematic model, and establish structural errors of the installation and synchronous errors of processing movement. Through the sensitivity analysis and simulation of tooth surface topography error, we discuss the influence of the workpiece tooth surface which caused by each axis error of gear grinding machine. We establish the sensitivity matrix by the influence of each axis error. Using the singular value decomposition to analyze the main characteristic of the machine error and each characteristic corresponds to the error system model. We simplify the sensitivity matrix to obtain a new sensitivity matrix. Inversing the new one we can get pseudo-inverse which can obtain the structural error coefficient of the machine. Then using the synchronization on the gear grinding machine which based on the multi-axis dressing method in the electronic gear box EGB controller. It is expected that the tooth surface machining error generated by the machine structure can be reduced, and the mathematical model of flank correction can be stored inside the machine to improve the accuracy of each workpiece
行星齒輪系體積之離散最佳化方法研究;Discrete Optimization on the volume of the Planetary Gear Train
[[abstract]]行星齒輪內變速系統,其基本構件包含:行星齒輪、太陽輪、行星臂架、內齒輪等。行星齒輪系依據傳動方式不同,可有增加或減少傳動比之特性。透過機構控制基本構件,變換不同的輸出件、輸入件及固定件以達到變換檔位之需求。本論文根據不同機構類型,計算行星齒輪系配齒限制條件,如:同心條件、均勻分布條件、不均勻分布條件,與比鄰條件…等。由不同的行星輪系嚙合方式分析並計算出傳動比。以變速系統的負載與使用條件進行各檔位之受力分析,用受力分析之數據並按照材料性質計算出修正係數後,可得強度分析結果,以此分析結果做體積最佳化。由於行星齒輪系之設計參數屬於多個不等式拘束條件、離散設計變數與連續設計變數的最佳化問題。因此本論文採用離散變數最佳化方法,在安全係數與強度分析結果符合限制條件的前提下,進行變速系統的體積最佳化。
The basic components of the planetary gear transmission system includes planetary gear, sun gear, carrier, ring gear and so on. Depending on the transmission mode, the system can be gear reduction. Through the mechanism to control the basic components, it can change the different output parts, input parts and fixed parts to satisfy the requirement of the gear shift. In this paper, according to the different mechanisms, we can design the planetary gear system with tooth restrictions. The gear ratio is calculated by the different planetary gear meshing. We using the load of the transmission system and the use of conditions to analyze the stalls of the force. The correction factors are calculated by the data of the force analysis and material properties. So the results of the strength analysis are obtained. We using the result of strength analysis to do volume optimization.The parameters design of planetary gear transmission system belong to multiple inequality constraints, design continuous variables and optimization of discrete design variables. Therefore, we want to use discrete variable optimization method, with the safety factor and strength analysis results under the premise of the volume optimization of the system