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觸媒層製程對高溫質子交換膜燃料電池性能影響之研究;Study on the Effect of Manufacturing Processes of the Catalyst Layer on the Performance of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
No full text[[abstract]]高溫質子交換膜燃料電池有著高效率、高能量密度的優點，與低溫燃料電池相比有著無需加濕器且構造較為簡單的優點，高溫質子交換膜燃料電池膜的膜電極組性能受到許多因素影響，質子交換膜的種類、白金負載量、黏合劑種類、氣體擴散層的滲透性及孔隙率等。 本研究的重點是觸媒層的製造對高溫質子交換膜燃料電池性能的影響，包括觸媒的負載和粘合劑類型。另外，在膜和觸媒層之間引入碳黑緩衝層以提高觸媒的利用率。通過電化學阻抗譜研究碳黑緩衝層對高溫質子交換膜燃料電池性能的影響。 實驗結果表明，較厚的碳黑緩衝層增加了歐姆電阻，導致高溫質子交換膜燃料電池的性能降低。通過在碳黑緩衝層中添加稀釋磷酸，由於質子傳導性的提高，高溫質子交換膜燃料電池的性能得到改善。摻入20％ 磷酸的0.1mg cm?2碳黑緩衝層在研究中提供最佳性能。
High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) have the advantages of high reaction kinetics, simple configuration and easy water management when compared with low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The performance of the membrane electrode assemblies of the HT-PEMFC is affected by many factors, including membrane type, catalyst loading, binder type, and permeability and porosity of the gas diffusion layers. This study focuses on the effect of manufacturing processes of the catalyst layer on the performance of a HT-PEMFC, including catalyst loading and binder type. In addition, a carbon layer is introduced between the membrane and the catalyst layer to improve the utilization of catalyst. The effect of the carbon layer on the performance of the HT-PEMFC is studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.The experimental results show that a thicker carbon buffer layer increases the ohmic resistance, resulting in a lower performance of the HT-PEMFC. With the addition of dilute phosphoric acid in the carbon buffer layer, the performance of the HT-PEMFC is improved due to the improvement of proton conductivity. It is suggested that 0.1 mg cm?2 carbon buffer layer doped with 20% phosphoric acid provides the optimal performance in the study
以摩擦攪拌積層製造鋁合金積層材之性質分析;
No full text[[abstract]]近年來，工業快速發展對能源消耗不斷增加，導致地球上的資源正在急遽銳減當中。節能減碳的綠色製造議題為近年機械工程研究趨勢指標，而許多航太應用之鋁基元件為複雜結構，其加工過程中費時與廢料且耗能對地球與環境極不友善，為了得到低成本之精細且均勻的複雜結構，所以航空、航太產業致力於新興3D積層製造技術的發展。積層製造技術(Additive Manufacturing, AM)其製造時由3D模型數據來堆積材料使物體成形的方法，有別於減法加工，是以逐層添加材料製造元件。但傳統金屬積層製造仍有積層速率、積層材料性質、積層體積與積層成本等待突破的重點。若以較新穎之技術:摩擦攪拌固相積層製造(Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing, FSAM)，將以固態積層之方式將材料堆疊成所需幾何形狀，不僅製備鋁鎂輕合金相變問題，也能有效避免積層材料內部孔隙與凝固缺陷，使積層材有優越之機械性質。本研究以耐腐蝕性優良且烤漆後強度較高之析出硬化型6系鋁合金作為底板，以晶粒細化型5系鋁合金作為補強肋，利用連續堆疊的方式製備T型結構件。探討其積層區材料流動現象，並測試其機械性質，最後以電子背向散射繞射分析其微結構與機械性質之關係，以闡述其強化機理。目前金相觀察顯示有鉤狀結構(hook)的產生，但是由於其並沒有蔓延入積層區，故不會影響積層材性質。硬度試驗結果顯示積層材硬度值由底部向頂部降低，且道次重疊區域會因重複攪拌而使其硬度降低。利用電子背向散射繞射分析可得知，於較高層數區域內有更好的晶粒細化效果，而底部區域會因製程中往覆的熱循環影響，使其發生類似於退火的現象，使其晶粒粗化。而Kernel average misorientation 分析發現，底部區域其再結晶比例較高，而道次重疊區域經重複攪拌後，亦能提高其再結晶比例。為了優化積層材其機械性質或製備功能梯度材料，繪製出摩擦攪拌固相積層製程參數範圍，利用積層區寬度、hook影響寬度與積層區平均硬度量化其積層區特性。由橫截面金相可發現當熱輸入量不足時，會因材料流動不及而導致缺陷的發生。且後退邊hook將會沿著接合線水平蔓延入積層區，隨著單位熱輸入量的增加，其鉤狀結構隨著熱機影響區生長的現象愈趨明顯。積層區平均硬度可得知，Al6061-T651若參數選擇適當，經製程後最高則可達105HV約為母材95%之硬度值。Al5052-H32經製程後則為65HV約為母材81%之硬度值，且可發現單位熱輸入量對其硬度趨勢並無太大影響。
In recently year, the green manufacturing issue of energy conservation and carbon reduction is a trend indicator of mechanical engineering. However, many aluminum-based components for aerospace applications are complex structures. In order to obtain a low-cost, fine and uniform complex structure, the aerospace industries are committed to the development of 3D additive manufacturing technologies.Additive manufacturing (AM), defined as the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, is a new generation of manufacturing processes in which some parts are fabricated by layer-by-layer addition of materials as opposed to traditional subtractive manufacturing methodologies. For the traditional metal-based additive technologies still have some specific characteristics waiting for breakthrough such as build rate, build volume, material properties and build cost. Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM), as a new environmentally friendly, energy-effective solid-state process technology. In FSAM process, the metal substrates such as aluminum/magnesium alloys are being processed but do not melt and recast, which can avoid efficiently some internal porosities and solidification defects.This research reports a solid state FSAM for producing a T-stringer structure. Grain refinement alloy 5052 and precipitation hardening alloys 6061 are chosen for similar and dissimilar material stacking. The macro-flow characteristics and mechanical properties of the laminated zone are studied. The microstructure evolution and recrystallization was also investigated using optical microscope (OM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).The transverse macrograph of FSAM specimen showing the hook characteristics, but it does spread into the laminated zone. Hardness test shows the hardness of the laminated zone decreases from the bottom to the top, and the hardness in the overlapped region is reduced by double stirring. EBSD analysis shows significant grain refinement in the additive zone of higher stacking layer. Due to the repeatable heat generation, the bottom region causes a phenomenon similar to annealing to coarsen the grains. Kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis, the bottom region and overlap region have higher recrystallization ratio.To optimized the mechanical properties of the laminated materials or prepare the functionally graded materials. The parameter window of friction stir additive manufacturing was made. The characteristics of the laminated zone are quantified by using the width of the laminated zone, the width of the hook and the average hardness of the laminated zone. The macrograph shows that when the heat input is insufficient the defect occur and the hook spread horizontally into the laminated zone. Hardness test reveals that Al6061-T651 has a maximum hardness value 105HV which is about 95% of the base metal. Al5052-H32 is about 81% of the base metal and the unit heat does not have much influence on hardness distribution
正交配置降階模型應用於計時電流法 之參數鑑別;
No full text[[abstract]]本論文的主要貢獻為將系統鑑別(system identification)應用於電化學領域，特別是計時電流法(chronoamperometry)的參數鑑別。由於電化學領域的物理化學反應大部分皆為以偏微分方程表示的分佈參數系統(distributed parameter systems)，論文中採用正交配置(orthogonal collocation)的方式對其進行降階，得到近似的常微分方程，再以此降階近似模型進行系統鑑別，求得電化學反應中所需要的參數，包括反應動力常數以及擴散係數。論文中以數值軟體COMSOL的模擬結果為輸出，對降階模型進行系統鑑別。模擬結果顯示所提出的正交降階模型在計時電流法之參數鑑別上可以達到誤差小於10%，確認以正交降階模型進行計時電流法之參數鑑別的可行性。經過適當的偏微分方程模型的修正，本研究的應用範圍應可以包括大多數計時電流法之應用，包括簡單的生物溶液中含氧量的檢測，到複雜的應用酵素進行的生化感測，如血糖感測等。
The main contribution of this paper is to apply system identification to the field of electrochemistry, Especially the parameter identification of chronoamperometry. Since most of the physical & chemical reactions in the field of electrochemistry are distributed parameter systems, in this paper, we used the orthogonal collocation method to reduce the order and obtain the approximate ODEs, then used the system identified by this reduced-order approximation model to determine the parameters required in the electrochemical reaction, including the reaction dynamic constant and the diffusion coefficient.In the paper, the simulation results of the COMSOL are taken as the output, the identification results show that the proposed orthogonal reduced-order model can achieve an error of less than 10% in the parameter identification of the chronoamperometry method, and confirms the feasibility of using the orthogonal reduced-order model to identify the parameters of the chronoamperometry.After the correction of the appropriate PDE model, the scope of application of this study should include the application of most chronoamperometry methods, including the detection of oxygen in simple biological solutions, biochemical sensing by complex application of enzymes, such as Blood glucose sensing, etc
應用於矯正和數位牙科之自動化快速排牙;Rapid Automatic Tooth Arrangement Applied to Orthodontic and Digital Dentistry
No full text[[abstract]]齒列矯正最希望的是在最短時間內，以最簡單方式排列齒列，達到美觀與正確咬合。因此，本論文根據矯正專科醫生排牙經驗與齒列矯正學知識開發出自動化快速排牙演算法，同時考慮牙根資訊，避免牙根突出齒槽骨。 透過自動化牙齒特徵搜尋與預先定義之牙弓、牙齒角度獲取個人參數，利用非線性最小數值解(Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm,LMA)，將牙齒特徵點與牙弓作對應，將牙齒排列在牙弓上初步排列。接著透過上下顎咬合特徵對應關係，建立正確咬合，同時進行與對咬牙、鄰牙間的碰撞偵測，持續迭代直到所有牙齒完成排列條件，快速排列齒列以符合齒列矯正治療目的。 最後經過微調確認，排列操作過程約十分鐘，與手動數位排牙方式相比，大幅縮短規劃時間，且自動排列結果與手動規劃結果相似。
Orthodontic treatment hope to use a simplest way reach a correct occlusion and aesthetic goal in a short time. Therefore, this thesis develops a rapid automated tooth arrangement algorithm based on the orthodontists’ experience and the knowledge of orthodontics, consider the information of tooth root to prevent them from protruding out of alveolar bone.To start with, getting the personal tooth information through the automatic search of dental feature, dental arch identification and tooth inclined angle. Then, correspond the dental feature to the dental arch and align tooth to dental arch using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. Next, establish correct occlusion through the maxillary and mandibular bite characteristic of correspondence, check the collision detection with opposing and adjacent tooth ,and iterative until all the tooth are aligned in order to the goal of orthodontics.In the end, results will be checked by fine adjustment. The process takes about ten minutes, which significantly shortens the planning time compare with the manual digital tooth arrangement, and the automatic arrangement results are similar to the manual arrangement
探討切屑熱量對滾珠螺桿螺帽間熱傳之影響;Study on the Effect of Chip Heat on the Heat Transfer between the Shaft and the Nut of a Ball Screw Drive System.
No full text[[abstract]]滾珠螺桿進給系統（BSDS）已廣泛應用於各種工業機械，如精密模具機械，電子機械和運輸機械等。BSDS的定位誤差主要是由滾珠螺桿軸向熱變形所引起的。在運行期間，BSDS會產生大量熱量，導致熱膨脹，這會對定位精度產生負面影響。主要的熱源包括滾珠螺桿主軸、螺帽、軸承、滑塊及切屑熱量。本研究探討了切屑熱量對BSDS定位精度的影響。首先，設計數學模型和實驗來估算切屑到載台上的熱通量。然後，進行另一個模型及實驗以預測滾珠螺桿主軸和螺帽之間的熱通量變化。結果顯示，通過數學模型估算切屑傳到BSDS載台上的熱通量約為50 W/m2。在5公尺/分鐘（mpm）的進給速度下螺帽與滾珠螺桿主軸之間的熱通量和熱對流係數分別為500 W/m2和10 W/m2-K；而在10 mpm的進給速度下螺帽與滾珠螺桿主軸之間的熱通量和熱對流係數分別為850 W/m2和11 W/m2-K。當在載台上的小面積切屑熱通量在10到100 W/m2之間時，螺帽和滾珠螺桿之間的熱通量沒有顯示出明顯的變化。然而，當載台上的大面積切屑熱通量在200 W / m2、進給速度為5 mpm時，從滾珠螺桿主軸到螺帽的熱通量減少了75 W / m2，但在10 mpm的進給速度下沒有明顯變化。
A ball screw drive system (BSDS) has been widely employed in various industrial machinery, such as precision tooling machinery, electronic machinery and transportation machinery. The position error of the BSDS is mainly caused by the thermal deformation of the ball screw shaft. During operation, a BSDS can produce significant heat, resulting in a thermal expansion, which has a negative impact on positioning accuracy. The main source of heat includes the ball screw shaft, nuts, bearings, sliders and chips from work pieces. This study investigates the effect of chip heat on the position error of a BSDS. First, a mathematical model and experiments are designed to estimate the heat flux from chips to the working table. Then, another model and experiments are conducted to predict the heat flux variation between the ball screw shaft and the nut.Results show that heat flux form chips to the working table of the BSDS is estimated around 50 W/m2 by the mathematical model. The heat flux between the nut and the ball screw shaft and heat convection coefficient are estimated as 500 W/m2 and 10 W/m2-K, respectively, at the feed speed of 5 meter per minute (mpm); whereas 850 W/m2 and 11 W/m2-K at 10 mpm. When the chip heat flux ranges between 10 and 100 W/m2 within a small area of the working table, the heat flux between the nut and the ball screw drive shows no significant variation. However, when a larger area of the working table is covered by falling chips with a heat flux of 200 W/m2, the heat flux from the ball screw shaft to the nut is reduced by 75 W/m2 at 5 mpm but shows no significant change at 10 mpm
結合三明治法與光柵耦合生物感測器應用於綠膿桿菌藥物通道蛋白檢測;
No full text[[abstract]]本研究發展了一光柵耦合生物感測器並結合三明治法針對綠膿桿菌藥物通道蛋白（OprD）進行檢測。由於醫院現行對於綠膿桿菌抗藥性之鑑定方式需耗費冗長的時間，若以其他生物感測器測得其在低濃度時之抗藥反應，則須具備高靈敏度之性能，本研究之感測方式即具備高靈敏度及專一性之特性，藉由三明治法除了可增加結合反應的專一性及放大反應訊號外，同時可以改善光柵感測器漸逝波場深度及小分子待測物尺寸匹配問題，有效降低感測器之偵測極限。研究中亦針對晶片表面修飾分子種類及濃度進行探討，期望藉由較佳的修飾條件獲得穩定且高效率的感測晶片。除此之外，由於本研究之光柵耦合生物感測器是利用偵測光柵表面有效折射率做為檢測機制，屬於一開放式生物感測平台，藉由修飾不同的抗體分子即可進行多種待測物檢測，搭配三明治法更能提升其感測性能，因此相當具有發展為一臨床檢測系統之潛力。
This study developed a grating-coupled biosensor and combined the sandwich ELISA to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug channel protein (OprD).Because the hospital's current identification method for the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa takes a long time, if it is measured by other biosensors at a low concentration, it must have high sensitivity performance. The sensing method of this study has the characteristics of high sensitivity and specificity. In addition to increasing the specificity of the immune response and amplifying the response signal by the sandwich ELISA. The evanescent wave field depth of the grating sensor and the small molecule test object size matching problem can be simultaneously improved and effectively improve the detection limit of the sensor. In the study, the types and concentrations of surface modification molecules on chips were also discussed. It is expected that stable and high-efficiency sensing chips can be obtained by better modification conditions. In addition, since the grating-coupled biosensor of this study utilizes the effective refractive index of the surface of the detection grating as a detection mechanism, it belongs to an open biosensing platform. By modifying different antibody molecules, a variety of analytes can be detected, and the sandwich ELISA can improve the sensing performance, so it has the potential to develop into a clinical detection system
全球化下的人類安全與氣候變遷： 以美國退出《巴黎氣候協定》為例;Human Security and Climate Change underGlobalization: A Case Study of the United StatesWithdrawal from the Paris Agreement
No full text[[abstract]]隨著文明社會之進步，大多數國家人民的生活，已比過往來的富足，生活也較為安全。冷戰結束後，全球化時代來臨，揭開國際秩序運作的新面貌，更強調在國際制度下的合作而非衝突。 在另一方面，國與國之間的往來漸趨頻繁，衍生出相當多新興的安全問題，並非軍事武器所能解決。人們也開始意識到安全問題的其他面向，社會的進步並不代表人類在各方面都能夠更加安全。氣候變遷議題既屬人類過度追求經濟成長之下，普遍忽略而逐漸使吾人生活品質下降的永續發展問題。是以本論文首先欲循人類安全之觀點，深究氣候變遷議題帶來哪些安全危機與影響，再從國際社會所建構的國際環境建制論其解決之道。 此外，本論文最後擬以2017 年6 月美國總統川普宣布退出《巴黎氣候協定》為例，提出未來在氣候變遷之因應上，若少了此一碳排放大國，前景是否不樂觀，從而探討此舉對於人類安全與環境安全之倡議，是否造成嚴重斲喪，以期能藉本論文闡明氣候變遷議題對於人類安全之重要性。
With the progress of a civilized society, the lives of the people in most countries are generally more prosperous and safer. After the end of the Cold War, globalization has unveiled the new face of the international order and emphasized cooperation under the international system rather than conflict. On the other hand, the interactions between countries are becoming more and more frequent, and many new security problems have emerged. It can’t be solved by military weapons. People start to realize that social progress doesn’t represent human can be more security in all aspects. The issue of climate change is not only a problem of sustainable development that humans have been pursuing under economic growth, but a result has generally neglected and caused down the quality of our life. Therefore, this paper would base on the viewpoint of human security and discuss the security crisis and impact brought by the climate change first. Then, it would try to find out the solution for the international regimes which was constructed by the international community. In addition, I would conclude by a case study of the United States withdrawal from the “Paris Agreement” announced by President Trump in June 2017.I took it as a case study for the purpose of explaining whether it is not promising in the prospect of fighting against climate change if the absence of this large carbon emission country. It would realize the cause of the promotion of human and environmental security, and hopefully, it could explain the importance of climate change on human security
雙機械手臂加工系統之控制與實驗;Control and Experiments of a Dual-Arm Robot for machining
No full text[[abstract]]本論文提出整合自動化(Automation)與加工(Machining)的未來加工機雛形，主要設計的靈感來自於雙機械手臂機器人(Dual Arm Robot)。其特性為各組機械手臂可獨立執行自動化命令，但是當兩組機械手臂共同夾持加工物體時，轉為並聯式機構，具高強度的特性，在執行加工命令時具有優勢。為求對此系統的了解，本論文組建一台雙機械手臂加工系統的雛型機，其主體包括 :兩組五自由度之機械手臂，搭配固定於基座上的主軸與刀具。並針對其特殊的構型做正、逆向運動學的分析，建立左、右機系手臂的數學模型、鑑別各軸伺服馬達的轉移函數，量測Y方向與Z方向機械手臂剛性(Robot Stiffness)。最後在理解其物理特性後設計強健性控制器(Robust control)與分散式控制器(Distributed Control)，使其能執行自動化命令與加工命令，並在循跡控制上達到一定的精度要求。
This paper will present the prototype of the future machine tool which integrates the automation equipment and the machine tools together. The core idea of the prototype is coming from the dual-arm robot; we can use each arm for automation when we want to machine the materials, dual-arm will cooperative holding the materials for cutting work.To know of the system clearly, we establish a dual-arm robot, which contains dual-arm for the five-axis robot and one of turning spindle with cutting tools. We calculate the system dynamic/kinematic, doing the experiments of system identify for each motor and measurement the stiffness of single arm and dual-arm robot. After understanding the physical characteristics of the system, we designing the robust controller and Distributed controller to control the manipulator for automatic command and machining command with accuracy
工具機主軸刀具系統與防振腳座之系統動態特性鑑別與應用;Identify dynamic characteristics and application of spindle-tool system and Machine footing for machine tool
No full text[[abstract]]本論文以柔度耦合子系統分析法(Receptance coupling subsystem analyses, RCSA)與操作模態分析法(Operational modal analysis, OMA)為基礎，發展兩項工具機關鍵技術；第一項是主軸-刀具系統之刀尖點自然頻率與模態估測技術；第二項是工具機防振腳座異常偵測技術。本研究將主軸、刀柄與刀具簡化成數學模型，應用RCSA將主軸、刀柄與刀具之力學模型合成主軸-刀具系統並取得刀尖點之自然頻率與模態，並使用實驗模態法(Experimental Modal Analysis, EMA)鑑別刀尖點之自然頻率與模態，將其與RCSA之結果進行比較與討論。結果顯示RCSA所鑑別刀尖點之自然頻率，皆高於EMA所鑑別之結果，雖存在誤差但仍在可接受範圍內，亦即當系統處於未加工時，應用此法可快速預測刀尖點之自然頻率，用以作為適應性轉速調變技術之初始轉速估測使用。工具機防振腳座提供機台調整水平、抑制振動傳遞與降低噪音等功能，且防振腳座主要影響著工具機六個低頻剛體模態，本研究第二部份是提出一工具機防振腳座健康診斷技術，透過OMA鑑別工具機床身此六個顯著受防振腳座影響之模態，並以模態保證指標(Modal assurance criterion, MAC)與工具機剛設置完畢確認健康正常下之六個剛體模態比對，藉由工具機前六個自然頻率與模態振形改變判斷防振腳座是否異常。此技術亦可應用於工具機在原廠組立完成後先取得振動模態(此時稱參考模態)，運送至客戶端工具機設置完成後取得測試模態，參考模態與測試模態經由MAC量化其間振動模態差異，以作為檢測工具機防振腳座是否設置適當之指標；亦可用於工具機運轉一定時日後，透過馬達激振取得測試模態，將其與剛設置完畢之參考模態比較，可持續監測與追蹤防振腳座狀態。
Two important techniques of machine tool based on receptance coupling subsys-tem analyses(RCSA) and operational modal analysis(OMA) are proposed and realized. The first is estimations of the natural frequency and mode shape of the spindle-tool sys-tem of machine tools based on RCSA. The second is the health diagnosis of machine footing of machine tools using OMA. The spindle-tool subsystem of machine tools includes three main components, i.e. a spindle, a holder and a tool. In this paper, all the components are simplified and mod-eled as beam structures. It is worth of noting that the spindle receptance is determined by experimental modal analysis (EMA), whereas the handle and tool are obtained theo-retically. Then the components are integrated to be a spindle-tool system using RCSA. The natural frequency of the spindle–tool system is determined and compared with that from the EMA. Results show that the natural frequency estimated from the RCSA is 10% as compared with that from EMA.The machine footing of machine tools not only provides the machine level adjust-ment but also reduces the vibration transmission and noise. In the second part of this study, a health diagnosis of machine footing using OMA is introduced. From both nu-merical and experimental results show that the first six natural frequency and the corre-sponding mode shapes of a machine tool, i.e. the rigid body modes are good candidates in diagnose the machine footing. Moreover, the first six mode shapes are more sensitive than the natural frequency to the healthy state of machine footing. The first six mode shapes from the machine tool which has been setup properly in the beginning are designated as reference modes, whereas the mode shapes acquired from the machine tool later on are called the targeted modes. The healthy state of ma-chine footings can be assessed and monitored by quantifying the difference between the targeted and the reference mode shapes using modal assurance criteria (MAC). Results show that the healthy state of machine footing can be monitored successfully with rea-sonable accuracy. Moreover, this proposed machine footing monitoring technique can be used in setting up a machine tool in a new environment
以摩擦攪拌製程添加微米級鎳顆粒製備鋁基顆粒強化複合材料;
No full text[[abstract]] 鋁基複合材料(Aluminum Matrix Composites, AMCs)，因具有較佳的強度、剛性和耐磨耗性等優點，常用於高強度結構元件及航太靜態結構元件，其中以顆粒強化鋁基複合材料為主流，顆粒強化相可以是陶瓷材料或金屬，近年來許多學者嘗試以介金屬化合物作為鋁基複合材料之強化相顆粒，成功提升各系鋁合金之機械性質。 摩擦攪拌製程由摩擦攪拌銲接衍生而來的技術，利用高速旋轉刀具旋入欲接合材料進行攪拌，此時肩部會與材料緊密接觸並摩擦銲件表面產生摩擦熱，促使材料之降伏強度降低，進而產生劇烈的塑性流動行為，達到母材在固相下接合的目的。 本研究以摩擦攪拌製程添加微米級鎳顆粒於Al 1060及Al6061板材內，並原位生成鋁-鎳介金屬化合物。經X-ray繞射儀分析Al6061添加鎳顆粒之複材，除了Ni的訊號外，都可以得到Al3Ni、Al3Ni2和Al4Ni3等介金屬化合物的特徵繞射峰。由金相與掃描式電子顯微鏡的背向散射電子影像，觀察強化相顆粒分佈情形與形貌特徵，再以電子微探儀鑑定鋁-鎳介金屬化合物之組成有Al3Ni及Al3Ni2，經由奈米壓痕試驗可知Al3Ni及Al3Ni2之壓痕硬度值是鋁基地的4到6倍。將銲道進行T6熱處理，可觀察到介金屬層擴大，介金屬化合物之組成也發生變化。 在機械性質方面，以摩擦攪拌製程添加適量Ni顆粒，可以提升銲道機械性質。含有鋁-鎳介金屬化合物強化相顆粒在基地內的銲核區，其硬度值獲得了提升；銲道進行T6熱處理，鎳與鋁可再次反應使介金屬層擴大，同時，Al6061透過T6熱處理有析出硬化的效果，兩者強化效果是可以疊加的，可以更進一步的強化銲道；在拉伸試驗方面，添加鎳顆粒能使抗拉強度提升，又以銲道T6熱處理後表現最佳，但T6熱處理會使延伸率大幅降低；在磨耗性質方面，比較不同百分比的鎳含量，再進行T6熱處理比較，得知熱處理前後添加2.0wt%的Ni顆粒都有最佳的耐磨耗性質。
Owing to its superb strength, stiffness and wear resistance, aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) commonly used in high strength structural and aerospace static structural devices. Besides, particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are widespread as an approach to improve the mechanical properties of Al alloys, in which the second phases can be metals and ceramics. These days, friction stir processing (FSP), which is based on the basic principles of friction stir welding (FSW). A high speed rotating tool is inserted in the materials to be joined. Friction between the shoulder and workpieces results in localized heating that decreases yield stress of the workpieces and generates severely plastically flow. Finally, a weld joint is produced in solid state. In this study, the second phases of Al-Ni intermetallic compounds were synthesized in situ by FSP on Al alloy matrix by stirring Ni powders into Al alloy plates. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the intermetallics are Al3Ni, Al3Ni2 and Al4Ni3. The dispersion of reinforced nickel particles and intermetallics in the base metal was observed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and backscattered electron Image (BEI). Al3Ni and Al3Ni2 intermetallic compounds in the nugget zone were detected by electron micro probe analyzer (EPMA). These intermetallics are four to six time harder than the matrix according to the nanoindentation result. In addition, the amount of intermetallics increased and the composition of intermetallic compounds changed after T6-treatment. Adding appropriate amount of nickel powders into aluminum matrix using FSP improved mechanical properties of the weld. With the particulate reinforcement consisting of nickel powders and Al-Ni intermetallic compounds effectively enhanced the micro-hardness of nugget zone. In addition to the effect of Al-Ni intermetallic compounds reinforcement, the strengthening effect was superimposed by the precipitation hardening after T6-treatment. FSPed aluminum matrix composites revealed the highest UTS after T6-treatment, however, the elongation decreased significantly. Composites with 2.0wt% nickel powders had the best wear resistance