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Engagement et/en recherche : interroger la hiérarchisation des savoirs à partir de deux projets en géographie du genre et de la santé
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Une autre approche pour faciliter les changements comportementaux des patients : le marketing social
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Des ressources pour développer l'esprit critique au collège - Quels choix d'usages par les enseignant•e•s de physique-chimie et sciences de la vie et de la terre ?
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Three-Dimensional Distribution of Biomass Burning Aerosols from Australian Wildfires Observed by TROPOMI Satellite Observations
No full textInternational audienceWe present a novel passive satellite remote sensing approach for observing the three-dimensional distribution of aerosols emitted from wildfires. This method, called AEROS5P, retrieves vertical profiles of aerosol extinction from cloud-free measurements of the TROPOMI satellite sensor onboard the Sentinel 5 Precursor mission. It uses a Tikhonov–Phillips regularization, which iteratively fits near-infrared and visible selected reflectances to simultaneously adjust the vertical distribution and abundance of aerosols. The information on the altitude of the aerosol layers is provided by TROPOMI measurements of the reflectance spectra at the oxygen A-band near 760 nm. In the present paper, we use this new approach for observing the daily evolution of the three-dimensional distribution of biomass burning aerosols emitted by Australian wildfires on 20–24 December 2019. Aerosol optical depths (AOD) derived by vertical integration of the aerosol extinction profiles retrieved by AEROS5P are compared with MODIS, VIIRS and AERONET coincident observations. They show a good agreement in the horizontal distribution of biomass burning aerosols, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87 and a mean absolute error of 0.2 with respect to VIIRS. Moderately lower correlations (0.63) were found between AODs from AEROS5P and MODIS, while the range of values for this comparison was less than half of that with respect to VIIRS. A fair agreement was found between coincident transects of vertical profiles of biomass burning aerosols derived from AEROS5P and from the CALIOP spaceborne lidar. The mean altitudes of these aerosols derived from these two measurements showed a good agreement, with a small mean bias (185 m) and a correlation coefficient of 0.83. Moreover, AEROS5P observations reveal the height of injection of the biomass burning aerosols in 3D. The highest injection heights during the period of analysis were coincident with the largest fire radiative power derived from MODIS. Consistency was also found with respect to the vertical stability of the atmosphere. The AEROS5P approach provides retrievals for cloud-free scenes over several regions, although currently limited to situations with a dominating presence of smoke particles. Future developments will also aim at observing other aerosol species
Assessment of the safety and the anti-α-Gal immune response to an oral vaccine in captive-bred Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)
No full textInternational audienceOral administration of Escherichia coli O86:B7 expressing high levels of galactose-α-1,3galactose (α-Gal) was previously shown to protect turkeys from aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. In the present study, we first tested the basal level of anti-α-Gal antibodies (Abs) in healthy Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) sera and penguin egg yolks. We then conducted a trial to test whether modulation of α-Gal immunity by oral administration of the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli Nissle could prevent Humboldt penguins from aspergillosis. To this aim, E. coli Nissle was administered orally to ten penguins and a placebo was concomitantly given to a control group of ten other penguins. An aspergillosis diagnostic panel (CT scans, capillary zone electrophoresis, 3-hydroxybutyrate levels, anti-A. fumigatus Abs measurements) was implemented before, during and after the interventional procedure in both penguin groups. As results, healthy penguins produced natural anti-α-Gal Abs that were also detected in the egg yolks. Surprisingly, oral administration of E. coli Nissle was associated with lower levels of anti-α-Gal and anti-A. fumigatus Abs compared with the control group. Still, a correlation was seen between anti-E.coli Abs (IgM/IgY) and anti-α-Gal Abs (IgM/IgY), only in the vaccinated penguins. E. coli Nissle is a safe probiotic to use in Humboldt penguins with potential protective effect against aspergillosis to be further tested
FNEGE Media: Le rôle infirmier en région éloignée: conceptualisation, enjeux et leçons pour nos systèmes de soins
No full textCet article s’intéresse au rôle particulier joué par les infirmières en région éloignée : le « rôle élargi ». A géométrie et temporalité variable, il ne cesse d’être redéfini par les infirmières en fonction de leurs expériences en dispensaire. Pour comprendre ce caractère évolutif et dynamique, nous avons mené une recherche qualitative et ethnographique auprès des infirmières pratiquant dans les villages de la communauté inuite de l’arctique québécois. Au-delà d’une compréhension fine de ce rôle, nous montrons que ce système de soins, bien que perfectible, permet une prise en charge à la fois rapide, efficace et sécuritaire de la patientèle inuite. Ce système propose des pistes de réflexion pour nos systèmes de soins occidentaux aujourd’hui à bout de souffle
Macrodéchets et déchets plastiques issus du trafic routier
No full textInternational audienceThe negative impact of waste dispersed in the environment has been highlighted for decades, but few field data are available in the scientific literature. Stormwater can significantly contribute to the spread and accumulation of plastic debris in the environment. However, few data exist on the rates and composition of macro litter in stormwater, including plastic debris. In order to fill this lack of knowledge, this study aims to study the occurrence, abundance and composition of macro waste from road traffic. Macrolitter, including plastic debris, were therefore collected into a retention basin draining a portion of the Nantes ring road during one year. This portion corresponds to the south part of the Cheviré bridge, which has a significant road traffic (~90,000 veh/d on average). Macrolitter are collected and classified according to the Ospar/TG-ML classification. Over one year, 88.5 kg of debris were collected. Plastics correspond to 60% of the debris collected by mass. These plastic items are mostly fragments, cigarette butts and filters, as well as polystyrene pieces. The input sources were identified by differentiating debris deliberately dumbed (37.2%) and accidentally lost (62.8%) among the 43% of items for which this differentiation was possible. The mass of debris collected shows a linear correlation with the road traffic. These results show that road runoff can significantly contribute to macrodebris leakages, including plastics, in the receiving environments.Les impacts négatifs des déchets dispersés dans l’environnement sont soulignés depuis des décennies, mais peu de données de terrain sont disponibles dans la littérature scientifique. Les eaux pluviales peuvent contribuer de façon importante à la propagation et à l’accumulation de débris plastiques dans l’environnement. Toutefois, peu de données existent sur les flux et la composition des macrodéchets dans les eaux pluviales, y compris les débris plastiques. Afin de combler ce manque de connaissances, cette étude a pour objectif d’étudier l’occurrence, l’abondance et la composition des macrodéchets issus du trafic routier. Pour y répondre, les macrodéchets, dont les débris plastiques, ont été collectés dans un bassin de rétention des eaux pluviales drainant une portion du périphérique nantais pendant une année. Cette portion correspond à la partie sud du pont de Cheviré qui présente un trafic important (~90 000 véhicules/jour en moyenne). Les macrodéchets sont triés et classés selon la classification Ospar/TG-ML. En un an, 88,5 kg de débris ont été collectés. Au total, les plastiques correspondent à 60 % de la masse de déchets récoltés. Ces déchets plastiques sont surtout des fragments, des mégots et filtres de cigarettes, ainsi que des morceaux de polystyrène. Une identification des sources de rejets a été réalisée en différenciant les déchets jetés volontairement (37,2 %), des déchets perdus accidentellement (62,8 %), parmi les 43 % de déchets pour lesquels cette différenciation était possible. La masse de déchets collectée est fortement corrélée au trafic. Ces résultats démontrent que les routes peuvent avoir une contribution importante dans les fuites de déchets, y compris les plastiques, vers les environnements récepteurs
Polydisperse Solid Foams: Multiscale Modeling and Simulations of Elasto-Acoustic Properties Including Thin Membrane Effects
No full textInternational audienceThis work is concerned with the prediction of the elasto-acoustic properties of polydisperse solid foam structures. A highly polydisperse foam sample is first characterized using microtomography and scanning electron microscopy. Relevant geometrical properties are then determined by image processing and utilized to model the partially closed cell system with random Laguerre tessellations. The macroscopic visco-thermal transport properties of the solid foams are next calculated by numerical techniques, using either finite element computations or pore-network simulations. The permeability and sound absorption coefficient at normal incidence are also measured and a good agreement is obtained with the calculations when the elasto-acoustic coupling is modeled from the Biot's equations (including characterized visco-elastic parameters). Our results demonstrate that stochastic geometry provides a robust framework to understand the structure-property relationships of polydisperse foam
Pathogenesis of recent Lassa virus isolates from lineages II and VII in cynomolgus monkeys
No full textWe thank P. Regnard, P.H. Moreau, and L. Fellmann (SILABE, Strasbourg) for medical care given to the monkeys. We thank S. Mundweiller, S. Godard, E. Moissonnier, D. Thomas, S. Mely, B. Labrosse, D. Pannetier, and C. Leculier (P4 INSERM–Jean Merieux, US003, INSERM) for assistance in conducting the BSL-4 experiments. We thank M-A Dillies (HUB, Institut Pasteur) for helpful discussions. We thank G. Fourcaud and B. Lafoux (UBIVE, CIRI, Institut Pasteur) for technical help. We also thank L. Branco (Zalgen Labs) for providing recombinant proteins. We are grateful to the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations (R. Hatchett, G. Thiry, and M. Saville) and C. Gerke (Department of Innovation Development, Institut Pasteur) for invaluable support.International audienceThe area of Lassa virus (LASV) circulation is expanding, with the emergence of highly pathogenic new LASV lineages. Benin recently became an endemic country for LASV and has seen the emergence of a new LASV lineage (VII). The first two outbreaks in 2014 and 2016 showed a relatively high mortality rate compared to other outbreaks. We infected cynomolgus monkeys with two strains belonging to lineage II and lineage VII that were isolated from deceased patients during the 2016 outbreak in Benin. The lineage VII strain (L7) caused uniform mortality. Death was associated with uncontrolled viral replication, unbalanced inflammatory responses characterized by increased concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and the absence of efficient immune responses, resembling the pathogenesis associated with the prototypic Josiah strain in monkeys. The lineage II strain (L2) showed apparently lower virulence than its counterpart, with a prolonged time to death and a lower mortality rate. Prolonged survival was associated with better control of viral replication, a moderate inflammatory response, and efficient T-cell responses. Transcriptomic analyses also highlighted important differences in the immune responses associated with the outcome. Both strains caused strong inflammation in several organs. Notably, meningitis and encephalitis were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in all monkeys, independently of the outcome. Due to their apparently high pathogenicity, emerging strains from lineage VII should be considered in preclinical vaccine testing. Lineage II would also be beneficial in pathogenesis studies to study the entire spectrum of Lassa fever severity
Former des enseignant·e·s stagiaires du premier degré en Education Physique et Sportive à l’approche intersectionnelle des rapports sociaux. Développement professionnel et repères des enjeux de formation.
No full textThe social relations sex / class / "race" are presented in their French theoretical developments as "consubstantial and coextensive" (Kergoat, 2009). We presume that they enter the school, become involved in the context of the class, influencing the student's confrontation with didactical situations. Previous research in EPS didactics and teacher training has argued for a consideration of sociological factors such as social class (Poggi and Brière, 2014), sex (Cogérino et al., 2006), gender (Couchot-Schiex et al., 2009, 2017). In their continuity, it seems appropriate to continue this analysis of students' actions from the intersectional conceptual anchoring because "any didactic practice is or should be thought according to the social context that constitutes it and that it contributes to shaping" (Blanchet 2009); Contexts produce significant effects on teaching / knowledge appropriation modalities, and practices in turn shape contexts (Brière-Guénoun and Poggi, 2015). This is why, on an experimental basis, in a professionalising and transformative aim, training in the intersectional approach of social relations with teachers from the trainee schools was proposed in order to guide their consideration of certain indicators. sociological studies of students (sex-gender, class, "race") gathered together under the terminology of intersectionality (Crenshaw, 2005) in the didactic and pedagogical work of the teacher in EPS. The CompAS model of Parmentier and Paquay (2002) is used as a grid for analyzing the construction of skills in teaching / learning situations be it between the teacher and the student or between the teacher and the teacher. · Trainee. This model presents ten activities involved in the skills building process. Professional competences are defined as "capacities to mobilize various cognitive resources to cope with particular situations" (Perrenoud, 1997), considering that they mobilize knowledge, know-how, attitudes that can only be expressed in a particular situation. unique, non-reproducible, singular, as would be a teaching activity.Les rapports sociaux sexe/classe/"race" sont présentés dans leurs développements théoriques français comme « consubstantiels et coextensifs» (Kergoat, 2009). Nous présumons qu’ils entrent dans l’école, s’importent dans le contexte de la classe, influençant la confrontation de l’élève aux situations didactiques. Des recherches antérieures en didactique de l’EPS et en formation des enseignant·es ont argumenté pour une prise en considération des facteurs sociologiques tels que la classe sociale (Poggi et Brière, 2014), le sexe (Cogérino et al., 2006), le genre (Couchot-Schiex et al., 2009, 2017). Dans leur continuité, il semble pertinent de poursuivre cette analyse des actions des élèves à partir de l’ancrage conceptuel intersectionnel car « toute pratique didactique est ou devrait être pensée selon le contexte social qui la constitue et qu’elle contribue à façonner » (Blanchet, 2009) ; les contextes produisent des effets notables sur les modalités d’enseignement/appropriation des savoirs et les pratiques façonnent à leur tour les contextes (Brière-Guénoun et Poggi, 2015). C’est pourquoi, à titre expérimental, dans une visée professionnalisante et transformative, une formation à l’approche intersectionnelle des rapports sociaux avec des professeur·es des écoles stagiaires a été proposée dans le but d’orienter leur prise en considération de certains indicateurs sociologiques des élèves (sexe-genre, classe, "race") rassemblés tous ensemble sous la terminologie d’intersectionnalité (Crenshaw, 2005) lors du travail didactique et pédagogique de l’enseignant·e en EPS. Le modèle CompAS de Parmentier et Paquay (2002) est utilisé comme grille d’analyse de la construction des compétences en situations d’enseignement/apprentissage que ce soit entre l’enseignant·e et l’élève ou entre la formatrice et l’enseignant·e stagiaire. Ce modèle présente dix activités participant du processus de construction des compétences. Les compétences professionnelles sont définies comme «des capacités à mobiliser diverses ressources cognitives pour faire face à des situations singulières » (Perrenoud, 1997), considérant ainsi qu'elles mobilisent des savoirs, savoirs faire, attitudes ne pouvant s'exprimer que dans une situation unique, non reproductible, singulière, comme le serait une activité d'enseignement