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A Study on the Sufficient Conditional and the Necessary Conditional With Chinese and French Participants
No full textInternational audienceAccording to the weak version of linguistic relativity, also called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the features of an individual’s native language influence his worldview and perception. We decided to test this hypothesis on the sufficient conditional and the necessary conditional, expressed differently in Chinese and French. In Chinese, connectors for both conditionals exist and are used in everyday life, while there is only a connector for the sufficient conditional in French. A first hypothesis follows from linguistic relativity: for the necessary conditional, better logic performance is expected in Chinese participants rather than French participants. As a second hypothesis, for all participants, we expect performance on the sufficient conditional to be better than on the necessary conditional. Indeed, despite the isomorphism of the two conditionals, they differ in how information is processed for reasoning. We decided to study reasoning under uncertainty as it reflects reality more accurately. To do so, we analyzed the coherence of participants using de Finetti’s theory for deduction under uncertainty. The results of our study show no significant difference in performance between Chinese and French participants, neither on the sufficient conditional nor on the necessary conditional. Thus, our first hypothesis derived from the weak version of linguistic relativity is not confirmed. In contrast, our results confirm the second hypothesis in two out of three inference schemas
How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, Knetsch's exchange paradigm is analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and social norms. In this paradigm the participant, at the beginning of the experiment, receives an object from the experimenter and at the end, the same experimenter offers to exchange the received object for an equivalent object. The observed refusal to exchange is called the endowment effect. We argue that this effect comes from an implicature made by the participant about the experimenter's own expectations. The participant perceives the received item as a gift, or as a present, from the experimenter that cannot be exchanged as stipulated by the social norms of western politeness common to both the experimenter and the participant. This implicature, however, should not be produced by participants from Kanak culture for whom the perceived gift of a good will be interpreted as a first act of exchange based on gift and counter-gift. This exchange is a natural, frequent, balanced, and indispensable act for all Kanak social bonds whether private or public. Kanak people also know the French social norms that they apply in their interactions with French people living in New Caledonia. In our experiment, we show that when the exchange paradigm takes place in a French context, with a French experimenter and in French, the Kanak participant is subject to the endowment effect in the same way as a French participant. On the other hand, when the paradigm is carried out in a Kanak context, with a Kanak experimenter and in the vernacular language, or in a Kanak context that approaches the ceremonial of the custom, the endowment effect is no longer observed. The same number of Kanak participants accept or refuse to exchange the endowed item. These results, in addition to providing a new explanation for the endowment effect, highlight the great flexibility of decisions according to social-cultural context
Important Issues to Severe Trauma Survivors A Qualitative Study
No full textInternational audienceObjective: Identify issues that are important to severe trauma survivors up to 3 years after the trauma. Background: Severe trauma is the first cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide, yet most attention has focused on acute care and the impact on long-term health is poorly evaluated. Method: We conducted a large-scale qualitative study based on semi-structured phone interviews. Qualitative research methods involve the systematic collection, organization, and interpretation of conversations or textual data with patients to explore the meaning of a phenomenon experienced by individuals themselves. We randomly selected severe trauma survivors (abbreviated injury score ≥3 in at least 1 body region) who were receiving care in 6 urban academic level-I trauma centers in France between March 2015 and March 2018. We conducted double independent thematic analysis. Issues reported by patients were grouped into overarching domains by a panel of 5 experts in trauma care. Point of data saturation was estimated with a mathematical model. Results: We included 340 participants from 3 months to 3 years after the trauma [median age: 41 years (Q1-Q3 24-54), median injury severity score: 17 (Q1-Q3 11-22)].We identified 97 common issues that we grouped into 5 overarching domains: Body and neurological issues (29 issues elicited by 277 participants), biographical disruption (23 issues, 210 participants), psychological and personality issues (21 issues, 147 participants), burden of treatment (14 issues, 145 participants), and altered relationships (10 issues, 87 participants). Time elapsed because the trauma, injury location, or in-hospital trauma severity did not affect the distribution of these domains across participants' answers. Conclusions: This qualitative study explored trauma survivors' experiences of the long-term effect of their injury and allowed for identifying a set of issues that they consider important, including dimensions that seem overlooked in trauma research. Our findings confirm that trauma is a chronic medical condition that demands new approaches to post-discharge and longterm care
Riverine litter in a small urban river in Marseille, France: Plastic load and management challenges
No full textInternational audienceSmall urban rivers are thought to be major sources of riverine litter, especially macroplastics, into the ocean. In well-developed countries, waste management infrastructures and recovery systems are sometimes implemented to prevent their emission into the sea meeting environmental and economic goals. The Huveaune River in Marseille, South of France, is a typical case study showing a non-negligible and uncontrolled leakage of riverine litter remains, despite all recovery systems implemented. Giant bar screens are settled over the river to collect riverine litter from the whole water column before water is released into the Sea. In this paper, screened material was characterized during a dry, wet and heavy rainfall period and annual macroplastic mass flows were estimated. The plastic fraction represented 83% by count of the 3147 items sorted and counted. Mass flow of plastic debris ranged between 1.1 and 5.8 mt/yr (equivalent to 2.1–11.4 g/cap/yr), in which 0.4–2.1 mt/yr (equivalent to 0.8–4.1 g/cap/yr) are bypassed to the sea during heavy rainfall periods. Giant bar screens across the Huveaune River prevent 65% of the mass flow to reach the sea annually, but 35% remain uncontrolled. When compared to the Seine River and other European Rivers, macroplastic leakage into the ocean per capita may range between 1 and 10 g/cap/yr. This suggests that end-of-pipe solutions are not enough and further supports urgent regulations of the plastic production on local to global scales to tackle the plastic pollution at its source
Global existence for partially dissipative hyperbolic systems in the Lp framework, and relaxation limit
No full textHere we investigate global strong solutions for a class of partially dissipative hyperbolic systems in the framework of critical homogeneous Besov spaces. Our primary goal is to extend the analysis of our previous paper [10] to a functional framework where the low frequencies of the solution are only bounded in L p-type spaces with p larger than 2. This enables us to prescribe weaker smallness conditions for global well-posedness and to get a more accurate information on the qualitative properties of the constructed solutions. Our existence theorem in particular applies to the multi-dimensional isentropic compressible Euler system with relaxation, and provide us with bounds that are independent of the relaxation parameter. As a consequence, we justify rigorously the relaxation limit to the porous media equation and exhibit explicit rates of convergence for suitable norms, a completely new result to the best of our knowledge
Essai de modélisation colorimétrique de la neuro-décision
No full textLes sens humains produisent naturellement des messages qui passent directement dans notre Inconscient sans subir le contrôle du filtre de notre Conscient et qui influencent à notre insu nos choix. Ces messages intuitifs sont les produits des processus physiques qui donnent naissance à d'autres processus ondulatoires de nature physique et/ou physiologique. Leur rapidité d'affichage dans l'Inconscient remodèle les mécanismes de la neuro-décision, à travers un circuit opérant du conditionnement subliminal
FACE AU COVID-19 Les établissements d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche face à la crise sanitaire. Fin 2019 à février 2021
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SIPIBEL observatory: Data on usual pollutants (solids, organic matter, nutrients, ions) and micropollutants (pharmaceuticals, surfactants, metals), biological and ecotoxicity indicators in hospital and urban wastewater, in treated effluent and sludge from wastewater treatment plant, and in surface and groundwater
No full textData PaperInternational audienceThe Bellecombe pilot site - SIPIBEL - was created in 2010 in order to study the characterisation, treatability and impacts of hospital effluents in an urban wastewater treatment plant. This pilot site is composed of: i) the Alpes Leman hospital (CHAL), opened in February 2012, ii) the Bellecombe wastewater treatment plant, with two separate treatment lines allowing to fully separate the hospital wastewater and the urban wastewater, and iii) the Arve River as the receiving water body and a tributary of the Rhone River and the Geneva aquifer. The database includes in total 48 439 values measured on 961 samples (raw and treated hospital and urban wastewater, activated sludge in aeration tanks, dried sludge after dewatering, river and groundwater, and a few additional campaigns in aerobic and anaerobic sewers) with 44 455 physico-chemistry values (including 15 pharmaceuticals and 14 related transformation products, biocides compounds, metals, organic micropollutants), 2 193 bioassay values (ecotoxicity), 1 679 microbiology values (including microorganisms and antibioresistance indicators) and 112 hydrobiology values
Anisotropic Structure Of Two-Dimensional Linear Cosserat Elasticity
No full textInternational audienceIn the present contribution the anisotropic structure of the two-dimensional linear Cosserat elasticity is investigated. The symmetry classes of this model are derived and detailed in a synthetic way. Particular attention is paid to specific features of Cosserat Elasticity which are the sensitivity to non-centrosymmetry as well as to chirality. These aspects are important for the application of this continuum theory to the mechanical modelling of lattices and metamaterials. In order to give a parameterisation to the Cosserat constitutive law, an explicit harmonic decomposition of its constitutive tensors is provided. Finally, using an algorithm introduced in a side paper, a minimal integrity basis, which is the minimal set of polynomial invariants generating the algebra of O(2)-invariant polynomials, is finally reported