Institutional Repository of the General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
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The total defence snap link for national resistance: territorial defence forces – the Swiss example /
No full textFor nations facing expansionist and revisionist neighbours such as Russia or China, a total defence approach provides a mechanism to protect both territorial integrity and political sovereignty. A key component for any effective total defence concept is volunteer, citizen-soldier territorial defence forces (TDF). This paper emphasises the role these territorial formations play as the critical snap link between the military and civilian population in such a national defence strategy. The territorial defence forces, like the snap link in mountaineering, connect the military to the civilian population in a way to ensure popular support for national resistance efforts. The article offers the historical example of Switzerland as an exemplar of total defence from 1939 to 1991 and demonstrates the role its citizen-soldier forces played in linking the population to overall resistance efforts. This Swiss historical experience provides three main concepts for consideration today: (1) the creation of a government directed and functional levée en masse that mobilizes the entire population to support total defence; (2) the establishment of a national redoubt or refuge, either in-country or abroad, to provide sanctuary for the resistance movement; (3) and the organisation of specialised, multi-crisis capable territorial units for the full range of total defence missions
Implications of Russia’s war in Ukraine for Belarus and its society: what exactly is written in the EU documents? /
No full textThis article provides an assessment of the relevant EU documents pertinent to the restrictive measures against Lukashenka’s regime after the 2020 fraudulent presidential elections in Belarus and since the beginning of 2022 Russia’s aggression against Ukraine The text identifies relevant concepts and provides their contextual analysis vis-à-vis their linkage with Belarus in general, its society and Lukashenka’s regime The article reveals that Belarus did not become a priority of the EU and its pre-war critical engagement policy failed to contribute to the development of a unified EU-wide vocabulary addressing the Belarusian case With the start of the war, it was internationalised and placed within a binarity “victim of aggression – (co-) aggressor” with little evidence of an unequivocal shift towards a primary focus on the contextual interpretation of the domestic developments in Belarus
Religious Terrorism: For Religion or in the Name of Religion?
No full textThe article aims to review the role and importance of religion in the contemporary religiously motivated terrorism. The first part of the article analyses the reasons that led to the rise of the religious wave of terrorism. The second part discusses the features of religious terrorism that distinguish this type of terrorism from other forms of terrorism. The third part develops the discussion whether religious terrorism is a reflection of religion or not, by questioning whether terrorist attacks are carried out in the name of religion or religion is exploited by clever leaders of terrorist groups to achieve the political goals
Digitalisation, knowledge management and technology transfer impact on organisations' circularity capabilities /
No full textTransition to circular economy (CE) requires that organisations change the way they do activities. Through digitalisation the information flow can be improved across all the value chain. The information that is particularly relevant for CE needs to be created in the first place and shared within the organisation and among them to implement CE strategies. Implementation of CE strategies requires that organisations has the ability to access technologies through technology transfer to achieve higher co-operation levels. Circular processes can be defined as those processes within organisations that positively contributes towards CE principles implementation, such as re-using or recycling products and materials. Within this article knowledge management (KM), digitalisation, and technology transfer (TT) are analysed through systematic literature review to understand the impact of these three concepts on organisations capabilities to develop circular processes. The knowledge management theory demonstrate the need for higher attention on how within organisations and between organisations CE related information could be managed to achieve CE strategies for organisations and their networks, such as supply chain. Technology transfer ensures that there are pathways to transfer relevant technologies that can improve or enable CE processes to multiple organisations through open source or conditional transfers. A concept based on a literature review is proposed on how digitalisation facilitates knowledge management within & among organisations, improves decision making of circular processes, and enables CE strategies implementation
Special Operations Forces (SOF): The Integrators for Total Defense and Resistance /
No full textIn preparation for gray zone or conventional warfare conducted by Russian or Chinese adversaries and their proxies, threatened nations can apply a Total Defense approach to safeguard their territorial integrity and political sovereignty. Two key components for any effective Total Defense concept are national special operations forces (SOF) and volunteer, citizen-soldier territorial defense forces (TDF). This article examines the role of special operations forces as significant multi-dimensional, entrepreneurial integrators in Total Defense. In particular, it demonstrates the symbiotic relationship between special operations and territorial defense forces in the complex mission of national resistance during crisis and occupation
Compliance of Autonomous Weapons Systems and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Targeting Process with the Principles of International Humanitarian Law.
No full textDue to the fast technological development, it can be expected that the fully autonomous weapon systems will be in use in very close future. The topic is relevant because autonomous systems will fundamentally change the essence of wars and military conflicts. Solders will be moved from the battlefield because of autonomous weapon systems capability to select and engage targets without direct human involvement. With the introduction of these new means and methods of warfare, many important targeted decisions will most likely need to be made earlier and without directly seeing the situation on the battlefield. However, such weapon systems raise the question of how they could perform target selection and use lethal force, ensuring compliance with the principles of distinction and proportionality without human participation. The object of this research – is the ability of autonomous weapons systems to carry out the targeting process, ensuring the compliance with principles of international humanitarian law. The aim of this research is to analyze the use of autonomous weapon systems compliance with the principles of proportionality and distinction of international humanitarian law in the NATO targeting process. The research carried out four main tasks in order to define the concept of autonomous weapon systems and aspects of human control using weapons of this type, to analyze the application of the principles of international humanitarian law in relation to autonomous weapons, and then to evaluate and determine abilities of autonomous weapon systems to conduct NATO targeting process without human control. The structure of the thesis consists of: introduction, theoretical part, research methodology, empirical part and conclusions with recommendations. This thesis is built based on inductive research approach and qualitative content analysis method. The analysis of scientific literature and documents and a semi-structured open questions interview was chosen for data collection. The method of qualitative content analysis was conducted for the analysis of the data. Having completed all the tasks set out in this master thesis, the master thesis concludes that NATO targeting process execution cannot be fully delegated to autonomous weapon systems. Modern AI-enabled technologies cannot ensure autonomous weapon systems proper compliance with principles of proportionality and distinction of international humanitarian law. This leads to the emergence of collateral damage threat. For this reason, human control and application of restrictions over autonomous weapon systems must be maintained
Assessing the Sustainability of the Prepandemic Impact on Fuzzy Traveling Sellers Problem with a New Fermatean Fuzzy Scoring Function /
No full textThis article focused on transportation sustainability during the COVID-19 pandemic situation under the Fermatean fuzzy environment. In both developed and developing nations, sustainability has risen to the top of the priority list for transportation policies and planning. We introduce a simplified presentation of the Fermatean fuzzy travelling seller problem solved by using a new computation approach. Several approaches for solving the travelling seller problem using fuzzy parameters have been described in the literature. Even so, all the current strategies use general fuzzy numbers as the parameters for the travelling salesman problems. But this, his study focusing focused on the new Fermatean fuzzy number, which is more effective for representing real-life incidents. The Fermatean fuzzy scoring functions and numerical conditions in distinct models in the Fermatean fuzzy environment were described to construct the algorithm. A new solution methodology was developed through scoring functions to find the best solution to fulfil our goal of sustainable transportation for travelling sellers' problems. Sustainable cost and the optimal path are obtained by this study
Overcoming information-sharing challenges in cyber defence exercises /
No full textActive usage of threat intelligence information supports effective prevention, mitigation and defence against cyberattacks by threat actors ranging from individual amateurs to state organizations. However, threat intelligence highly depends on security specialists’ ability to share incident data on threat information-sharing platforms. Unfortunately, business managers and educational institutions undervalue the information-sharing aspect when planning the professional development of cybersecurity-related specialists. Consequently, cybersecurity specialists are insufficiently motivated to correctly communicate and propagate relevant information with team members, superiors, relevant institutions and the global community about the impact of the incident. Literature review reveals many technological, legal and psychological obstacles hindering successful information exchange. This research aims to improve threat information sharing by focusing on the educational aspect of the problem and analysing the attitude of cybersecurity specialists during cyber defence exercises (CDX). Our case study disclosed nine factors obstructing both proper reporting to relevant authorities and adequate communication among teams. By addressing these factors, CDX organizers could substantially improve the development of highly beneficial soft skills of the technical specialists
Edström Håkan, Dennis Gyllensporre, Jacob Westberg. Military strategy of small states: responding to external shocks of the 21st century. Routledge, 2019, 197 p /
No full textThe European Security Architecture and Interregional Relations in the Context of World Order Change /
No full textThe study is focused on medium-term developments of European regional security, which are empirically analysed by looking at the post-Cold War European Security Architecture (ESA). Generally, it is argued that the ESA has developed to increasingly reflect interregionalism between two different regional security orders (RSOs) – the Euro-Atlantic (democratic) one the authoritarian Eurasian RSO –, which has coincided with a broader context of a more dynamic global order. More specifically, it is argued that, before Russia’s waging war against Ukraine in February 2022, there had been significant signs of an increasingly aggressive Russia, which had been progressively using its interregional relations with the Euro-Atlantic RSO to challenge the ESA, including as regards its normative, institutional, and strategic (arms control) dimensions; furthermore, the challenge had consisted in Russia’s attempts to modify the ESA, rather than to distance itself from it, which is consistent with the thesis on the relevance of external legitimisation for authoritarian regimes, including by means of cooperation with democracies. Contrary to some prominent scholarship, the study suggests a lack of potential for regions to play a stabilising role in the international order. The study also critically revisits some recent attempts to re-design the ESA and concludes by offering a general forward-looking political perspective