Institutional Repository of the General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
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Pathological Manifestation of Democracy: the Case Study of Russia and Bulgaria.
No full textThe recent trends show stagnation and decline of democratization. But due to popularity and spread of the democracy many states declared themselves as being democratic though they were not democratic. Because of this was determined definition of political regimes which can not be identified as embedded democracies and were defined as „defective democracy“. In the thesis was also designed research model to identify embededdness of democracy and it‘s weaknesses, which was based on the conception of ideal democracy, composed of five areas and 11 criteria. The difference is that the designed theoretical model focuses on identification of defects of ideal democracy and shows the level of democracy consolidation, the areas of democracy weaknesses, clarifies the typology of political regimes. In order to conduct the research of democracy representation were selected two quite different states – Russia and Bulgaria – which belonged to socialistic block of countries governed by communist regime. Based on the research results Russia and Bulgaria can not be regarded as ideal democracies, because of detected criteria of defective democracy. - In Russia has to be identified a very intense expression of defective criteria and all four types of defective democracy: exclusive democracy, illiberal democracy, tutelary democracy and delegative democracy due to violation of the 11 criteria of ideal democracy; - Bulgaria is much closer to the ideal democracy. State is identified as illiberal democracy due to the lack of human rights and threats to political liberties. The research confirmed that theoretical criteria of defective democracy can be treated as credible enough and has an explanatory power as well as can be used in many different ways
The Improvement of the Means of Motivation System in the Lithuanian Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Training Battalion.
No full textMotivated organization employees are willing to effectively achieve organizational goals, so the benefit is for both sides. Conscription was recently renewed, that’s why there are problems to accept a large amount of conscripts in separate units. Lithuanian Grand Duke’s Butigeidis Dragoon Motorized Infantry battalion is one of few units that are obliged to fulfill training of conscripts, so this unit also encounters with conscript’s dissatisfaction with the service. Highly motivated conscripts – main part of harmonious military unit. The period of time to prepare for acceptance of conscripts was very short so there are big gaps left in the means of motivation system in the battalion. There is a need to analyze current conscript satisfaction and the factors that influence their motivation, that it could be possible to evaluate the situation in the battalion. Considering research results utility, analysis of questionnaire results have been picked as a method to analyze conscript motivation determinants. Based on analysis of the results, we can state that Lithuanian Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon battalion motivation system is suboptimal, because 61 percent respondents feel dissatisfaction with the military service. The statistics testifies that conscript expectations and needs during the service time aren’t completely satisfied. That is why it was further analyzed, which factors influence conscript dissatisfaction with the service. Factors may be divided to two groups: motives, which would reduce dissatisfaction with the service (good relations with commanders, issuance of the city during working days, allocated tasks are vague and uninteresting) and service limitations (lack of opportunity to rest, there aren’t any reports who will be issued home during the weekend in advance, low quality medical aid, lack of combat defense lectures), that conscripts find lack of, during their military service. These kind of results show, that conscript needs and expectations coming to obligatory military service are unsatisfied, that’s why there has to be actions taken to increase satisfaction with the service. Considering analysis of research results, conclusions were formatted, possible ways of solving problems and implemented suggestions, that would increase conscript motivation, were suggested. \"Keywords: motivation, Lithuanian Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon battalion, permanent obligatory initial military service, means of motivation, civil service motivation specialty.\"
Russia military dimension in the Arctic region.
No full textGlobal warming makes the northern polar region increasingly accessible. Climate change will permit increased exploitation of oil, natural gas and other minerals. The seasonal decline of sea ice cover has raised possibility of large scale maritime trade via Northern routes that would provide great savings in distance and time, and hence cost. These opportunities drew the attention of great countries, like U.S., Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark even China, Japan or South Korea. All these countries declare aspiration to develop and maintain a region cooperation, peace, stability and prosperity with the exception of Russia. Russia's aggressive actions against Georgia (2008), Ukraine (2014), illegal and illegitimate annexation of Crimea, broke the trust and have adversely affected cooperation between Russia and other Arctic states. Russia put prioritized and expensive effort to rebuild and modernize its military capabilities, including in the Arctic. This military buildup announces some aggressive intent and responsive actions by other states, intended to heighten their security, lead to security dilemma. The work purpose is to conduct research on Russia’s militarization of the Arctic in the context of international territorial disputes. This goal is achieved by combining several research methods: descriptive, document analysis, comparative and summarization methods. Due to the Arctic has geographical / strategic significance and the objective of this work pertains hard power (Russia's military expansion), Realism and Geopolitics is chosen as most relevant theoretical approach to the issue. The conclusions of the paper confirm the hypothesis, that Russian militarization of the Arctic region is based on realistic international relation paradigm, therefore normative international cooperation, peaceful dialog and common interests will not contain Russian expansion in the Arctic. Keeping in mind that four of the five Arctic littoral states are NATO allies, it means that NATO, according Realism theory, must adopt regional containment strategy for the Russia’s threatening military expansion (imperialistic policy)
Structural Equation Modelling Using the AMOS and Regression of Effective Organizational Commitment Indicators in Lithuanian Military Forces /
No full textAbstract. The recognition of their importance to the scientific research the need to evaluate and compare different types of techniques so that the scientific research designs can be selected adequately. The article presents a consecutively example, which analyses the same dataset via two very different statistical techniques
Team effectiveness in Lithuanian Armed Forces Logistics Command Headquarters.
No full textTeam effectiveness management is one of the main objectives of the organization as human resources are the critical factor of organization that heavily influence on team growth, team improvement and competitive opportunities in volatile XXI century military or civil environment. In Lithuanian Armed Forces (further – LAF) there is no specific model for team effectiveness analysis. The scientific research of military and civil organizations confirms that the team effectiveness is reduced when there are insufficient team leader’s competences, inadequate work/operation conditions, the lack of motivation, low organizational support and the lack of tools and methods for tasks completion. In order to assess teams at LAF Logistic Command Headquarters (further – LCQ) it is necessary to design team effectiveness evaluation model in order to analyse team effectiveness and to identify key barriers to effectiveness. In this research the main focus will be at LCQ team effectiveness analysis. On the basis of scientific literature analysis, the team effectiveness evaluation model was designed in order to reveal key problems and to present problem solving recommendations. This final work consists of two parts the scientific literature analysis and the research part. In the first part the number of different scientific sources related to team effectiveness were analysed. The research part of this work was based on mixed research methodology where and both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were applied. In the first part of this work the, overview of essential definitions and concepts on team effectiveness was carried out. Both military and civil environments were analysed and the key differences were identified. Based on the analysis the model for team effectiveness evaluation was designed
Consumption of renewable energy and economic growth /
No full textThe significance of renewable energy is highly recognized all over the world. However, the impact of consuming renewable energy on the economy is very often disputable and contravercial. The paper explores links between consumption of renewable energy, economic growth, trade, capital and labour. The study covers 28 European Union countries for the period from 1990 to 2012. Energy has been considered as one of production factors, which has a great impact on output. Thus, the neo-classical Cobb-Douglas function has been employed to reach the aim of the article. Following the relevant state-of-art, economic growth, consumption of renewable energy, trade, capital and labour are considered as separate factors. The analysis indicates that consumption of renewable energy boots economy in 12 countries out of 28. The neutrality hypothesis has been confirmed in 2 countries, while the conservation hypothesis has been proved in 6 cases. The weakest links between the consumption of renewable energy and other factors has been noticed in Luxembourgh’s case
Probability of Military Resolution of Nagorno Karabach Conflict: Analysis of Azerbaijan’s External and Internal Factors.
No full textThe main question of analysis was why Azerbaijan had not used active military actions towards Armenia yet? The core background for this research is neoclassical realism as an approach to foreign policy analysis. This approach is a combination of classical realist and neorealist theories and it singles out three constituent elements – the independent variable (the international system), the dependent variable (country foreign policy) and the intervening value – as different factors inside a state. This work consists of four parts. The first part of study presents the description of international relations from the perspective of neoclassical realism, security dilemma and the possibilities of the countries to use hard and soft means to influence the behaviour and interest of other political bodies. In the second and third parts, the author tries to analyse the main factors influencing Azerbaijan’s strategy towards the Nagorno Karabach conflict. Azerbaijan’s relations with Russia, Iran, USA and Turkey are examined as well as the cooperation of Azerbaijan with NATO and the role of OSCE Minsk group in ensuring negotiations towards a peaceful settlement of Nagorno Karabach conflict. The biggest attention in this work is focussed on the analysis of Azerbaijani Armed Forces capabilities and comparison with weaponry and equipment of Armenian Armed Forces
Threats to country’s national security posed by foreign intelligence and security services and their prevention.
No full textPublic security and defense master's thesis topic is relevant for each country, including Lithuania, because the major domestic and foreign policy is to eliminate the threats to country’s national security posed by foreign intelligence and security services. However, more detailed research on the theme of intelligence theory in Lithuania (the academic community), which could help to improve Lithuanian intelligence agencies performance, practically does not exist. The Belarusian and Russian intelligence and security services, in the increasingly intensified intelligence operations against the Lithuanian defense, foreign policy, economic and other interests, doing direct damage to the national security of Lithuania. This paper deals not with all foreign intelligence and security services, but only with Russia and Belarus, because at the moment only these countries are posing the greatest threats to the national security of the Republic of Lithuania with their level of activities and operational activities
The Roman Period Enamel Brooch from the Medieval Burial Ground in Paūdronys.
No full textThe paper provides information on a horseshoe-shaped enamel brooch dated to the B2/C1 stage (around AD 150–200), which was found in the Paūdronys burial ground dating back to the late fourteenth–fifteenth century and situated in Turgeliai eldership of the Šalčininkai district, the county of Vilnius. It was discovered in the course of the archaeological research of 2012 in grave No. 18 (Fig. 1–2), which belongs to a person older than 20 years of age and most likely a woman. The upper part of the bow of the brooch (Fig. 3–4) features a vertical rectangle with its interior filled with red enamel. Both terminals of the brooch are broadened and round; they feature ornaments in the shape of little crosses with rounded terminals; they are also filled with red enamel. The remains of an iron pin were found next to the brooch. The body of the brooch is made of a multicomponential copper alloy: copper (Cu, 74.874%), zinc (Zn, 7.562%), tin (Sn, 6.857%), lead (Pb, 9.766%), and iron (Fe, 0.941%). The pin is made of iron (Fe, 82.685%) blended with copper (Cu, 13.073%), zinc (Zn, 3.921%), and a very small amount of tin (Sn, 0.321%). No exact equivaents for the brooch of Paūdronys have been found on the territory of Lithuania. Similar brooches were discovered in certain localities of Lithuania and a wide area that stretches from Masuria (Poland) to the Middle Dnieper region (Ukraine). From a chronological and typological perspective, the horseshoe-shaped enamel brooches from Central Lithuania (brooches from the burial grounds of Marvelė and Sargėnai and the brooch accidentally found in Rumšiškės) are akin to the brooch of Paūdronys. The Roman period brooch was found in Paūdronys in an especially unsual place – a grave of a medieval burial ground dating to the fourteenth–fifteenthcentury. This piece of jewellery, which had been made and used in the first centuries AD, was most likely lost and eventually found in the Middle Ages when it was fitted for secondary use, thus nexpectedly extending its wearing tradition
Problem of conflicts unsolvability: case of Afghanistan.
No full textCurrently, a great proportion of world population is living in fear. It is becoming more common, even in relatively safe countries, to observe, hard to explain, crimes or acts of terrorism of various degrees, witch result in casualties of innocent civilians. None of the countries in the world can be absolutely safe due to the effects of globalization and ongoing conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. Therefore, the problem of inability to resolve conflicts is becoming more and more actual. In this work the conflict of Afghanistan is analyzed, which is ongoing for almost 40 years despite tremendous efforts of the international community. Up to this day violence, terror, dissatisfaction of the local authority, famine, fear is a companion to many of the inhabitants of Afghanistan