Institutional Repository of the General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
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The Assessment of the Progress of Democracy in Afghanistan: The Analysis of the Presidential Elections in 2009, 2014 and 2019.
No full textRelevance of the thesis. Afghanistan has made significant political, security, economic and development progress over the past decade. However, most of these achievements are fragile and difficult to maintain. Although the first democratic presidential elections took place in Afghanistan in 2004, they were accompanied by violence, fraud and other irregularities. As free and fair elections are one of the cornerstones of democracy, the implementation of such elections could be at least the beginning of more visible democratic progress. It was therefore decided to analyze the Afghan presidential election and to find out, how they affirm or deny the progress of democracy in the country. Research object - the progress of democracy during the 2009, 2014 and 2019 presidential elections in Afghanistan. The aim of the research - is to assess the progress of democracy in the country by analyzing the Afghan presidential elections in 2009, 2014 and 2019 through the criteria of democratic elections. The defendant statment: An analysis of the presidential election based on democratic election criteria has shown a growing level of democracy in Afghanistan; Methods in the final work: theoretical methods – analysis of scientific literature, analysis of statical data, generalization; empirical part – statistical data analysis, comparative analysis. The results of the study led to the following main conclusions: Democratic elections are the foundation of democracy. The most important criteria for a democratic election are the right to stand as a candidate, ships to campaign, freedom to vote in elections, freedom and fairness in elections, fairness in the counting of votes, security, impartial police and judicial action during elections etc. An analysis of the 2009, 2014, and 2019 presidential elections found that Afghanistan violated or partially violated many of the criteria for democratic elections, suggesting that the country still has weak prospects for democracy. The defense was not substantiated, and the analysis of the presidential election did not show a growing level of democracy in Afghanistan
The causal connection of natural resources and globalization with energy consumption in top Asian countries: Evidence from a nonparametric causality-in-quantile approach /
No full textGiven the significance of energy conservation as a prime objective of environmental sustainability, countries all around the world are keen to identify significant factors that lead to the augmentation of energy utilization. Considering the rising emphasis of economies in utilizing natural resources to attain higher levels of globalization, the current research was aimed at investigating how the returns of natural resources and globalization a ect energy consumption in top Asian economies. In doing so, the study emphasized the nonlinear relationship among the variables and applied the novel nonparametric method of causality in quantile to identify the quantile-based causal connection of natural resources and globalization on the returns and volatility of energy utilization in selected Asian countries. Moreover, the presence of nonlinearity in the variables was tested by the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman test (BDS test), which confirmed that all variables showed nonlinear behavior. Furthermore, the findings of quantile cointegration confirmed a nonlinear long-run relationship of natural resources and globalization with energy utilization. The prime findings of causality in quantile revealed that the returns of natural resources and globalization had a significant causal efect on the returns of energy consumption in all countries. On the other hand, the volatility in energy consumption concluded no causal association with the returns of natural resources and globalization in any of the studied Asian countries. The findings are beneficial for the policymakers to formulate policies that will help to reduce the level of energy consumption
Society resilience to contemporary threats: the impact of education /
No full textThe current unpredictable security environment has replaced the security and defense policies of EU and NATO member states by focusing more on the challenges of societal resilience. The resilience of society is based on human nature for survival and isinfluenced by intangible entities and the spheres of human life. Education, as the engine of the progress of civilization, can become one of the most dangerous threats to the state and society, as well as one of the most important means of increasing society’s resilience to modern threats. The modern education strategy of national governments focuses on quantitative indicators that do not reflect the security interests of the state, society and individuals. In such circumstances, education may pose the greatest threat to security. The consequences of such an "effective" but not universal education make society's resilience weak in the face of modern threats such as cyber-attacks, extremism, terrorism, corruption and so on